Stems

Question 1

what are bud scale scars?

Answer 1

scales protect the meristematic tissue over the winter and then fall of in the spring leaving behind scars

Question 2

leaf primordia turns into…

Answer 2

leaves

Question 3

as the cells elongate, what happens to the stem?

Answer 3

it grows upwards

Question 4

the stem elongates until?

Answer 4

it reaches the final length and stops

Question 5

once the stem reaches the final length and stops, what keeps growing?

Answer 5

the tip of the apical meristem

Question 6

the vascular cambium turns into…

Answer 6

secondary xylem and phloem

Question 7

cork cambium turns into…

Answer 7

cork and periderm

Question 8

how does the vascular cambium create the secondary xylem and phloem?

Answer 8

by forming a ring of cells and encircling the entire stem

Question 9

what cells are added to the outside?

Answer 9

phloem

Question 10

what cells are added to the inside?

Answer 10

xylem

Question 11

secondary xylem =

Answer 11

wood

Question 12

what way do cells typically divide in vascular cambium?

Answer 12

down the middle

Question 13

what does the vascular cambium alternate making?

Answer 13

xylem and phloem

Question 14

why are monocots not woody?

Answer 14

because they dont have secondary growth

Question 15

what are the three types of tissue patterns?

Answer 15

protostele, siphonostele, and eustele

Question 16

what is the pattern for protostele?

Answer 16

xylem in the middle surrounded by phloem, then cortex, then the epidermis

Question 17

what is the pattern for siphonostele?

Answer 17

multiple regions of xylem surrounded by phloem

Question 18

what is the pattern for eustele?

Answer 18

pholem near the top and xylem near the bottom

Question 19

what are vascular bundles?

Answer 19

patches of xylem and phloem

Question 20

herbaceous eudicots have very distinct what?

Answer 20

vascular bundles

Question 21

what is the vascular cambium?

Answer 21

dividing line between xylem and phloem

Question 22

what is the bundle cap?

Answer 22

fibers that next to phloem to hold it together

Question 23

why does phloem need bundle caps?

Answer 23

because it lacks lignin so it needs support

Question 24

why doesn’t xylem need bundle caps?

Answer 24

because it is able to keep itself together due to lignin

Question 25

xylem is produced when?

Answer 25

in the spring

Question 26

spring means what size diameter?

Answer 26

large

Question 27

fall means what size diameter?

Answer 27

small

Question 28

what happens during secondary growth of a woody eudicot?

Answer 28

the epidermis is ripped apart

Question 29

what happens to the cells outside of the cortex?

Answer 29

they become meristematic and produces cells

Question 30

cells produced outside becomes?

Answer 30

cork

Question 31

cells produced inside become?

Answer 31

periderm

Question 32

the oldest xylem is towards the...?

Answer 32

middle

Question 33

the oldest phloem is towards the...?

Answer 33

outside

Question 34

an annual ring is what?

Answer 34

secondary growth in a year

Question 35

what is heartwood

Answer 35

part at the center that no longer transports xylem

Question 36

what is sapwood?

Answer 36

part outside, xylem that is transporting

Question 37

what is softwood?

Answer 37

only tracheids

Question 38

what is hardwood?

Answer 38

vessels and tracheids

Question 39

what is the bark made up of?

Answer 39

periderm, cortex, primary phloem, and secondary phloem

Question 40

what are bundle sheath cells?

Answer 40

fibers that surround vascular bundles

Question 41

what doesn't the monocot tissue have?

Answer 41

cortex and pith

Question 42

how are the vascular bundles arranged in a monocot?

Answer 42

scattered

Question 43

horizontal stems that grow beneath the ground

Answer 43

rhizome

Question 44

what are the leaves like on rhizomes

Answer 44

scale like leaves with axillary bud and they are attached at the node

Question 45

what kind of roots do rhizomes have?

Answer 45

adventitious

Question 46

horizontal stems above ground

Answer 46

runners

Question 47

runners that are below ground and grow in all directions except horizontal

Answer 47

stolons

Question 48

where do runners arise from?

Answer 48

axillary buds (not the main stem)

Question 49

runners are relatively ____ in diameter and produce ____

Answer 49

thin, plantlets

Question 50

what are tubers

Answer 50

enlargements of the stolon

Question 51

what is an example of a tunicate bulb

Answer 51

onion

Question 52

what is an example of a non tunicate bulb

Answer 52

garlic

Question 53

bulbils

Answer 53

baby bulbs

Question 54

in tunicate bulbs, the layers are made up of...

Answer 54

modified leaves and basal

Question 55

in tunicate bulbs, they will ____ with food

Answer 55

swell

Question 56

non tunicate bulbs are made up of ____ bulbs

Answer 56

multiple

Question 57

what are corms

Answer 57

non fleshy bulbs that are mostly stem

Question 58

what kind of leaves do corms have?

Answer 58

few, papery leaves

Question 59

what allows leaf stem to grow in a corm?

Answer 59

food stored

Question 60

what are flat stems that look like leaves?

Answer 60

cladophyll

Question 61

what are thorns?

Answer 61

stems of branches, modified to be woody, pointy, and hard

Question 62

thorns are ____ structures and _____ grow into thorns

Answer 62

protective, axillary buds

Question 63

modified stems that grow vertically and are supportive

Answer 63

tendrils