Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms Flashcards by Maggie Zhu

a-, an-

Without

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ab-, abs-

From; away from; absent

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abdomin-, abdomino-

Abdomen

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abort-, aborto-

To miscarry

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acanth-, acantho-

Thorn; spine

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acous-, acoust-, acousto-

Hearing

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acro-

Extremity; top; extreme point

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actin-, actino-

Ray; some form of radiation

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ad-

Adherence; increase; toward

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-ad

Toward; in the direction of

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aden-, adeno-

Gland

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adip-, adipo-

Fat

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adrenal-, adrenalo-

Adrenal glands

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-aemia

Blood

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aer-, aero-

Air or gas

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-aesthesia, aesthesio-

Sensation

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af-

Toward

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-agogue

An agent that promotes the expulsion of a specific substance

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-agra

Sudden severe pain

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-al

relating to; an aldehyde

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albumin-, albumino

Albumin

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-algesia, -algia

Suffering; pain

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algi-

Pain

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all-

Other

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allo-

Other

amb-, ambi-

Both; on both sides; around; about

amph-, amphi-, ampho-

Both; on both sides; on all sides; double; around; about

ana-, an-

Up; against; back

andro-

Man; Male; masculine

angi-, angio-

Blood or lymph vessels

aniso-

Unequal; asymmetrical; dissimilar

ankyl-, ankylo-

Crooked; bent; fusion or growing together of parts

ante-

Before

antero-

Anterior, front, before

anthropo-

Human beings; human life

ant-, anti-

Against

antr-, antro-

Antrum

apo-

From; derived from; separated from; opposed

arch-, arche-, archi-

First; principal; beginning; original

anteri-, anterio-

Artery

arthr-, arthro-

Joint

-ase

Enzyme

-asis, -esis, -iasis, -isis, -sis

Condition; pathological state

astro-

Star; star-shaped

atelo-

Imperfect; incomplete

ather-, athero-

Fatty plaque

atmo-

Steam; vapor

atreto-

Absence of an opening

aut-, auto-

Self

axio-

Axis, the long axis of a tooth

axo-

Axis, axon

azot-, azoto-

Nitrogenous compounds

bacteri-, bacterio-

Bacteria; bacterium

balan-, balano-

Glans clitoridis, glans penis

bar-, baro-

Weight; pressure

basi-, basio-

Base; foundation

bi-, bis-

Bile

bio-

Life

blast-, -blast

Germ; bud; embryonic state of development

blenn-, blenno-

Mucus

blephar-, blepharo-

Eyelid

brachio-

Arm

brachy-

Short

brady-

Slow

brom-, bromo-

Bromine

bronch-, bronchi-, broncho-

Airway

bronchiol-, bronchiolo-

Bronchiole

calc-, calco-

Calcium

calcan-, calcaneo-

Calcaneum (heel bone)

carcin-, carcino-

Cancer

cardi-, cardio-

Heart

carpo-

Carpus

cary-, caryo-

Nucleus; nut

cat-, cata-, cath-, kat-, kata-

Down; downward; destructive; against; according to

cel-, celo-

Tumor; hernia; cavity

-cele

Tumor; swelling; hernia

cent-

Hundred

cephal-, cephalo-

Head

cerebell-, cerebello-

Cerebellum

cervic-, cervico-

Neck; the neck of an organ

cheil-, cheilo-

Lip; lips

chem-, chemo-

Chemical; drug

chil-, chilo-

Lip; lips

chir-, chiro-

Hand

chlor-, chloro-

Green

chol-, chole-

Bile; gall

cholangi-, cholangio-

Bile vessel

cholecyst-, cholecysto-

Gallbladder

choledoch-, choledocho-

Bile duct

chondr-, chondro-

Cartilage

chrom-, chromo-

Color

-cide

Causing death

cine-

Movement

circum-

Around

clavicul-, claviculo-

Clavicle

-cle, -cule

Little

cleid-, cleido-

Clavicle

co-, com-, con-

Together

colp-, colpo-

Vagina

contra-

Against; opposite

crani-, cranio-

Skull; cranium

cry-, cryo-

Cold

-cusia, -cusis

Hearing

cyan-, cyano-

Blue

cycl-, cyclo-

Circular; cyclical; ciliary body of the eye

cyst-, cysto-, -cyst

Cyst; urinary bladder

cyt-, cyto-, -cyte

Cell

dacry-

Tears

dactyl-, dactylo-

Finger; toe

de-

From; down; not

dec-, deca-

Ten

deci-

One tenth

demi-

Half

dent-, denti-, dento-

Teeth

derm-, derma-, dermato-, dermo-

Skin

deuter-, deutero-, deuto-

Second; secondary

dextro-

Right

di-

Double; twice; two; Apart from

dia-

Through; between; asunder

dipla-, diplo-

Double; twin

dips-, dipso-

Thirst

dis-

Double; twice; Negative; apart; absence of

dors-, dorsi-, dorso-

Back

duoden-, dueodeno-

Duodenum

-dynia

Pain

dys-

Difficult; bad; painful

-eal

Pertaining to

ec-, ecto-

Out; on the outside

-ectomy

Excision

ectro-

Congenital absence of a part

ef-, es-, ex-, exo-

Out

electr-, electro-

Electricity

embol-, embolo-

Plug

-emesis

Vomiting

-emia

Blood

en-

In; into

enantio-

Opposite

end-, endo-

Within

ent-, ento-

Within; inside

enter-, entero-

Intestine

ep-, epi-

Upon; over; at; in addition to; after

episi-, episio-

Vulva

erythr-, erythro-

Red

eschar-, escharo-

Scab

-esis

Condition; pathological state

esophag-, esophago-

Esophagus

-esthesia

Sensation

etio-

Causation

eu-

Well; good; healthy; normal

eury-

Broad

ex-

Out; away from; completely

exo-

Out, outside of; without

extra-

Outside of; in addition; beyond

-facient

Causing; making happen

femor-, femoro-

Thigh

-ferous

Producing

ferri-, ferro-

Iron

fibro-

Fibers; fibrous tissues

fluo-

Flow

fluor-, fluoro-

Luminous; fluorescence

fore-

Before; in front of

-form

Form

-fuge

To expel; to drive away; fleeing

galact-, galacto-

Milk

gam-, gamo-

Marriage; sexual union

gaster-, gastero-, gastr-, gastro-

Stomach

gen-

Producing; forming

-gen, -gene, -genesis, -genetic, -genic

Producing; forming

glauc-, glauco-

Gray

genito-

Organs of reproduction

gero-

Old age

giga-

Billion

gingiv-, gingivo-

Gums (of the mouth)

-globin

Protein

gloss-, glosso-

Tongue

gluc-, gluco-, glyc-, glyco-

Sugar, glycerol or similar substance

gnath-, gnatho-

Jaw; cheek

-gog, -gogue

Make flow

gon-, gono-

Semen; seed; genitals; offspring

-gram

A tracing; a mark

-graph

Instrument for drawing or recording

-graphy

Writing; record

-gravida

Pregnant

gyn-, gyne-, gyneco-, gyno-

Woman; female

gyro-

Circle; spiral; ring

hem-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-

Blood

hemi-

Half

hepat-, hepato-

Liver

heredo-

Heredity

heter-, hetero-

Other; different

hex-, hexa-

Six

histo-

Tissue

hol-, holo-

Complete; entire; homogeneous

homeo-

Likeness; resemblance; constant, unchanging state

homo-

Same; likeness

hydra-, hydro-, hydr-

Water

hyo-

Hyoid bone

hyp-, hyph-, hypo-

Less than; below or under; beneath; deficient

hyper-

Above; excessive; beyond

hypno-

Sleep; hypnosis

hyster-, hystero-

Uterus

-ia

Condition; abnormal state

-iasis

Condition; pathological state

-iatric

Medicine; medical profession; physicians

-ic

Pertaining to; relating to

ichthyo-

Fish

-id

Secondary skin eruption distant from primary infection site

ideo-

Mental images

idio-

Individual; distinct

ileo-

Ileum

ilio-

Ilium; flank

im-

In; inside; within; intensive action; negative

immun-, immuno-

Immune; immunity

in-

In; inside; within; intensive action; negative

infra-

Below; under; beneath; inferior to; after

inter-

Between; in the midst

intra-, intro-

Within; in; into

ipsi-

Same; self

irid-, irido-

Iris

ischio-

Ischium

-isis

Condition, pathological state

-ism

Condition; theory

iso-

Equal

-ite

Of the nature of; a salt of an acid with the termination -ous

-itis

Inflammation of

-ize

To treat by special method

jejuno-

Jejunum

juxta-

Close proximity

kary-, karyo-, cary-, caryo-

Nucleus, nut

kat-, kata-

Down; downward; destructive; against; according to

kera-, kerato-

Horny subtance; cornea

ket-, keto-

Ketone bodies (acids and acetones)

kilo-

Thousand

kinesi-, kino-, -kinesis

Movement

klepto-

To steal

kolp-, kolpo-, colp-, colpo-

Vagina

kypho-

Humped

kysth-, kystho-

Vagina

lab-, labi-

Lip

lact-

Milk

laparo-

Flank; abdominal wall

laryng-, laryngo-

Larynx

latero-

Side

leio-

Smooth

lepido-

Flakes; scales

-lepsy

Seizure

lepto-

Thin; fine; slight; delicate

leuk-, leuko-, leuc-

White; white blood cell

linguo-

Tongue

lip-, lipo-

Fat

-lite, -lith, lith-, litho-

Science of; study of

lord-, lordo-

Curve; swayback

lumbo-

Loins

lyo-

Loosen; dissolve

-lysis

Loosen; dissolve; reduction of; relief from

macr-, macro-

Large; long

mal-

Ill; bad; poor

mamm-, mammo-

Breast

-mania

Frenzy, madness

mast-, masto-

Breast

meat-, meato-

Opening meatus

med-, medi-, medio-

Middle

medull-, medullo-

Soft inner part; medulla

mega-, megal-, megalo-

Large; of great size

-megalia, -megaly

Enlargement of a body part

meio-, mio-

Less; smaller

melan-, melano-

Black

mening-, meningo-

Meninges

menta-, mento-

Mind

mes-, meso-

Middle; mesentery; secondary, partial

mesio-

Toward the middle

meta-

Change; transformation; next in a series; 1,3 position of benzene derivatives

metacarp-, metacarpo-

Metacarpus (bones of the hand)

-meter

Measure

metr-, metra-, metro-

Uterus

micr-, micro-

Small

mio-

Less, smaller

mon-, mono-

Single; one

muc-, muci-, muco-, myxa-, myxo-

Mucus

multi-

Many; much

musculo-, my-, myo-

Muscle

myc-, myco-

Fungus

myel-, myelo-

Spinal cord, bone marrow

myring-, myringo-

Tympanic membrane, eardrum

nano-

One billionth; dwarfism (nanism)

nacro-

Numbness; stupor

naso-

Nose

necr-, necro-

Death, necrosis

neo-

New; recent

nephr-, nephra-, nephro-

Kidney

neur-, neuri-, neuro-

Nerve, nervous system

nitr-, nitro-

Nitrogen

non-

normo-

Normal; usual

noso-

Disease

noto-

The back

nucleo-

Nucleus

nyct-, nycto-

Night, darkness

ob-

Against

occipit-, occipito-

Occiput

octa-, octo-

Eight

oculo-

Eye

-ode, -oid

Form; shape; resemblance

odont-, odonto-

Tooth; teeth

-odynia, odyno-

Pain

-oid

Form; shape; resemblance

oleo-

Oil

olig-, oligo-

Few; small

-ology

Science of; study of

-oma

Tumor

omo-

Shoulder

omphal-, omphalo-

Navel

onco-

Tumor; swelling; mass

onych-, onycho-

Fingernails; toenails

oo-, ovi-, ovo-

Egg; ovum

oophor-, oophoro-, oophoron-

Ovary

ophthalm-, ophthalmo-

Eye

-opia

Vision

opisth-, opistho-

Backward

-opsy

View of

optico-, opto-

Eye; vision

orchi-, orchid-, orchido-

Testicle

-orexia

Appetite

oro-

mouth

orth-, ortho-

Straight; correct; normal; in proper order

os-

Mouth; bone

oscheo-

Scrotum

-ose

Carbohydrate; primary alteration of a protein

-osis

Condition; status; process; abnormal increase

osmo-

Odor; small; Impulse; Osmosis

oste-, osteo-

Bone

-ostomosis, -ostomy, -stomosis, -stomy

A created mouth or outlet

ot-, oto-

Ear

-otomy

Cutting

-ous

Possessing; full of; pertaining to

ovi-, ovo-

Egg; ovum

ox-

Oxygen

oxy-

Sharp; keen; acute; acid; pungent; Oxygen in a compound; Hydroxyl group

pach-, pachy-

Thick

-pagus

Twins joined at a specific site

pali-, palin-

Recurrence; repetition

pan-

All; entire

pant-, panto-

All or the whole of something

papulo-

Pimple; papule

para-, -para

Near; alongside of; departure from normal; bearing offspring

patell-, patello-

Patella; kneecap

path-, patho-, -path, -pathic, -pathy

Disease; suffering

ped-, pedi-, pedo-

Foot

pedia-

Child

pedicul-, pediculo-

Louse

-penia

Decrease form normal; deficiency

pent-, penta-

Five

-pepsia

Digestion

per-

Throughout; thorugh; utterly; intense

peri-

Around; about

perineo-

Perineum

peritoneo-

Peritoneum

pero-

Deformed

petro-

Stone; the petrous portion of the temporal bone

-pexy

Fixation, usually surgical

phag-, phago-

Eating, ingestion, devouring

phalang-, phalango-

Phalanges (bones of fingers and toes)

phall-

Penis

pharmaco-

Drug; medicine

pharyng-, pharyngo-

Pharynx

-phasia

Speech

-phil, -philia, -philic

Love for; tendency toward; craving for

phlebo-

Vein

-phobia

Abnormal fear or aversion

phono-

Sound; voice

-phoresis

Transmission

-phoria

a turning with reference to the visual axis

photo-

Light

phren-, phreno-, -phrenia

Mind; Diaphragm

-phylaxis

Protection

physico-

Physical; natural

physio-

Pertaining to nature

physo-

Air; gas

phyt-, phyto-

Plant; something that grows

pico-

One trillionth

picr-, picro-

Bitter

-piesis

Pressure

pimel-, pimelo-

Fat

plagio-

Slanting; oblique

-plakia

Plaque

-plasia

Growth; cellular proliferation

plasm-, -plasm

Living substance or tissue; to mold

-plastic

Molded; restoration of lost or badly formed features

-platy

Broad

-plegia

Paralysis; stroke

pleur-, pleuro-

Pleura; side; rib

-ploid

Chromosome pairs of a specific number

plur-, pluri-

several; more

pneo-

Breath; breathing

pneum-, pneuma-, pneumato-

Air; gas; respiration

pneumo-, pneumno-

Air; lung

pod-, podo-

Foot

poikil-, poikilo-

Varied, irregular

-poiesis, -poietic

Production; formation

polio-

Gray matter of the nervous system

poly-

Many, much

post-

After

postero-

Posterior; behind; toward the back

-praxis

Act; activity; practice; use

pre-

Before; in front of

presby-

Old age

pro-

Before; in behalf of

proct-, procto-

Anus; rectum

proso-

Forward, anterior

prostat-, prostato-

Prostate gland

proto-

First; the lowest of a series of compounds with the same elements

pseud-, pseudo-

False

psych-, psycho-

Mind; mental processes

psychro-

Cold

-ptosis

Prolapse, downward displacement

pubio-, pubo-

Pubic bone or region

pulmo-

Lung

py-, pyo-

Pus

pycn-, pycno-, pykn-, pykno-

Dense; thick; compact; frequent

pyelo-

Pelvis

pyg-, pygo-

Buttocks

pyle-

Orifice, of the portal vein

pyloro-

Gatekeeper; the pylorus

pyreto-

Fever

pyro-

Heat; fire

quadr-, quadri-

Four

quinqu-

Five

rachi-, rachio-

Spine

radio-

Radiant energy; a radioactive substance; a radioactive isotope

re-

Back; again

recto-

Straight; rectum

ren-, reno-

Kidney

reticulo-

Reticulum

retro-

Backward; back; behind

rhabdo-

Rod

rheo-, (r)rhea

Current; stream; to flow; to discharge

rhino-

Nose

rhizo-

Root

rhodo-

Red

roseo-

Rose-colored

-(r)rhage, -(r)rhagia

Rupture, profuse fluid discharge-

(r)rhaphy

A suturing or stitching

-(r)rhexis

Rupture of a specifc body part

sacchar-, saccharo-

Sugar

sacro-

Sacrum

salping-, salpingo-

Auditory tube; fallopian tube

sapro-

Putrid; rotten

sarco-

Flesh

scapho-

Boat-shaped; scaphoid

scapulo-

Shoulder

scato-

Dung; fecal matter

schisto-

Split; cleft

schizo-

Division

scirrho-

Hard; hard tumor or scirrhus

sclero-

Hard; relating to the sclera

-sclerosis

Dryness; hardness

-scope

Instrument for viewing or examining (includes other methods of examination)

-scopy

Examination

scoto-

Darkness

sebo-

Fatty substance

semi-

Half

septi-

Seven

sero-

Serum

sesqui-

One and one half

sial-, sialo-

Saliva

sidero-

Iron; steel

-sis

Condition; pathological state

sitio-, sito-

Bread; made from grain; food

skeleto-

Skeleton

skia-

Shadow

sodio-

Sodium

somat-, somato-

Body

spectro-

Appearance; image; form; spectrum

sperma-, spermat-, speramto-

Sperm; spermatozoa

spheno-

Wedge; sphenoid bone

sphygmo-

Pulse

spir-, spiro-

Breathe

spleno-

Spleen

spongio-

Spongelike

staphylo-

Uvula; bunch of grapes; Staphylococcus

steato-

Fat

steno-

Narrow; short

sterco-

Feces

stere-, stereo-

Three-dimensional

sterno-

Sternum

stetho-

Chest

stomato-

Mouth

strepto-

Twisted

sub-

Under; beneath; in small quantity; less than normal

super-

Above; beyond; on top

supra-

Above; beyond; on top

syn-, sym-

With; together with; along; beside

tachy-

Swift; rapid

taen-, taeni-, ten-, teni-

Tapeworm

tarso-

Flat of the foot; Edge of the eyelid

tauto-

Same

techno-

Art; skill

tel-, tele-

End; Distant

teleo-

Perfect; complete

temporo-

Temples of the head

tendo-, teno-

Tendon

ter-

Three

tera-

One trillionth

terato-

Severely malformed fetus

tetra-

Four

thalamo-

Chamber; part of the brain where a nerve originates; thalamus

thanato-

Death

theco-

Sheath; case; receptacle

thermo-

Hot; heat

thio-

Sulfur

thorac-, thoraci-, thoraco-

Chest; chest wall

thrombo-

Blood clot; thrombus

thymo-

Thymus; soul; emotions

thy-, thyro-

Thyroid gland; oblong; shield

thyroid-, thyroido-

Thyroid gland

toco-

Childbirth

-tome

Cutting instrument

tomo-

Section; layer

-tomy

Cutting operation; excision

ton-, tono-

Tension

top-, topo-

Place; locale

tox-, toxi-, toxico-, toxo-, -toxic

Toxin; poison; toxic

trachelo-

Neck

tracheo-

Trachea; windpipe

trans-

Across; over; beyond; through

traumato-

Trauma

tri-

Three

trich-, trchi-, tricho-

Hair

troph-, tropho-, trophic

Nourishment

-troping

Stimulation of a target organ by a substance, especially a hormone

tubo-

Tube

tympan-, tympano-

Eardrum; tympanum

typho-

Fever; typhoid

ulo-

Scar; scarring

ultra-

Beyond; excess

uni-

One

uretero-

Ureter

urethro-

Urethra

-uria

Urine

urin-, urino-, uro-

Urine

uter-, utero-

Uterus

vagin-, vagino-

Vagina

varic-, varico-

Dilated vein

vaso-

Vessel

veno-

vein

ventro-, ventr-, ventri-

Abdomen; anterior surface of the body

vertebro-

Vertebra; vertebrae

vesico-

Bladder; vesicle

viscero-

Viscera

vitr-, vitro-, vitre-, vitreo-

Vitreous body (of the eye); Glassy

vulvo-

Vuvla; covering

xanth-

Yellow

xeno-

Strange; foreign

xero-

Dry

xiph-, xiphi-, xipho-

Xiphoid cartilage

zoo-

Animal; animal life

Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms Flashcards

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