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MEDSCI 203 > Rote learning Test 1 > Flashcards

Rote learning Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the chemical mediators linked to swelling and pain in inflammation?

A

Prostaglandin E2 and Bradykinin

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2
Q

What is Platelet activating factor derived from?

A

Lysophosphatidylcholine, through the action of phospholipase A2

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3
Q

What does arachidonic acid do in the inflammation response?

A

Generation of acute phase proteins such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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4
Q

How are prostaglandins formed?

A

Arachidonic acid reacts with Cyclooxygenases

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5
Q

How are Leukotrienes formed?

A

Arachidonic acid reacts with 5-Lipoxygenase

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6
Q

What is the function of TXA2?

A

Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

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7
Q

What is the function of PCI2?

A

Vasodilation and platelet dissociation

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8
Q

What is the function of PGE2?

A

Vasodilation, pain, fever

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9
Q

What is the function of LTB4?

A

Neutrophil chemotaxis and activation

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10
Q

What are the functions of cysTC4,D4,E4?

A

Vasopermeability and bronchoconstriction

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11
Q

What is the function of C3a and C5a?

A

Promote mast cell degranulation, vascular permeability and neutrophil chemotaxis

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12
Q

What is the function of C3B?

A

Opsonization

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13
Q

What is the function of C5b?

A

Part of the membrane attack complex for bacterial cell lysis

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14
Q

What DAMPs do toll-like receptors bind?

A

ECM fragments,
intracellular proteins,
DNA and RNA

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15
Q

What binds to RAGE receptors?

A

intracellular proteins

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16
Q

What binds to P2X7 purinergic

A

ATP

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17
Q

What receptor binds crystals?

A

Components of inflammasomes

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18
Q

What does signalling from TLRs and P2X7Rs do?

A

Activation of inflammasomes resulting in the release of IL-1alpha when cells undergo lysis causing endothelial cells to become adhesive for leukocytes

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19
Q

What stimulates the acute phase response?

A

Interleukin6

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20
Q

What causes fever?

A

Pyrogens TNF, Interleukin1 and Prostaglandin E2

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21
Q

Which region of the brain is affected by fever?

A

Hypothalamic thermoregulation

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22
Q

What stimulates regeneration in colon crypts?

A

LPS activates TLR4 on macrophages which activates COX2 Which activates PGE2

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23
Q

How do Kupffer cells induce hepatic regeneration?

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A

Release of TNF, IL-6, HGF and TGFalpha

24
Q

What transcription factors can induce terminally differentiated cells to once gain become pluripotent?

Study These Flashcards
A

t4, Sox2, Klf4, Myc

25
M1 macrophages
Pro-inflammatory Respond to IL-6, IL-1, ROS
26
M2 macrophages
Wound healing Respond to PDGF, TGFB, VEGF, TNFa/EGF
27
Pro-resolution Macrophages
Remodelling TGFB, IL-10
28
What is the role of tH1Cells?
Secretion of interferon-gamma which stimulates tH1 development and activates macrophage responses to intracellular pathogens
29
What is the role of tH2 cells?
Secretion of IL-4 which stimulates TH2 development and activates eosinophil responses to worms
30
What is the role of tH17 cells?
Secretion of IL-17 and IL-21 which stimulates tH17 development and activates epithelial responses to microbes (secretion of antimicrobial substances such as defensins and GM-CSF)
31
What is the role of tReg cells?
Secretion of cytokines such as TGFBeta which stimulates Treg development and suppression of inflammation
32
Which T cell types can cause autoimmunity?
TH1, TH17
33
Which T cell types can cause allergies?
TH2
34
Which T cell type would a deficiency result in damage?
Treg as a deficiency will result in excessive inflammation
35
What are the stress inducers, transcription factor and effects of DNA damage
Stress inducer: DNA damage, Hypoxia, ROS Transcription factor: p53 Targets: DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, cell suicide
36
What are the stress inducers, transcription factor and effects of Antioxidants
Stress inducer: Oxidative Stress, ROS Transcription factor: Nrf2 Targets: SOD1, Catalase
37
What are the stress inducers, transcription factor and effects of Heat shock (Proteotoxic)
Stress inducer: Denatured proteins Transcription factor: HSPs Target/effects: Chaperones (heat shock proteins)
38
What are the stress inducers, transcription factor and effects of Hypoxia
Stress inducer: Low oxygen Transcription factor: HIFs Target/effects: Glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, RBCs, blood vessels
39
What are the stress inducers, transcription factor and effects of unfolded proteins
Stress inducer: ER stress proteins Transcription factor: several Target/effects: Chaperone proteins
40
What are two types of physical damage to DNA?
UV and IR
41
What damage is caused by ionising radiation?
Water is broken to form H and OH free radicals which cause breaks in the DNA strand which can be misrepaired
42
What damage does U.V. radiation cause?
Damages DNA bases where adjacent C’s and T’s become linked causing potential misrepair leading to cancer or death of keratinocytes
43
What is a form of chemical damage to DNA?
Alkylation where aflatoxin B can cause liver injury at high doses, or G to T mutations underlying liver cancer
44
What is a form of biological damage to DNA?
Dietary deficiency in B9 and B12 prevents DNA synthesis and repair causing megaloblastic anaemia
45
What is a form of physical damage to lipids?
Crystal intake into lysosomes which then puncture activating inflammasomes and releasing hydrolytic enzymes
46
What is a chemical form of damage to lipids?
Reaction of lipids with free radicals
47
What is superoxide?
A oxgen diatomic molecule that is also a free radical and detoxified by superoxide dismutase to hydrogen peroxide and O2
48
What is the enzymatic reaction of hydrogen peroxide that occurs in cells?
Catalase detoxifies it to Oxygen and water
49
What is the reaction that occurs between an OH radical and a Lipid?
The OH breaks a hydrogen bond to make a lipid radical, which then reacts with oxygen to make a lipid peroxyl radical. This the reacts with another lipid to generate a lipid radical and a lipid hydroperoxide. The lipid hydroperoxide then forms dmagning aldehydes and ketones
50
What are the sources of reactive oxygen species?
Oxygen therapy, Inflammation, UV radiation, Damaged mitochondria, radio therapy
51
What is a biological form of damage to lipids?
Lipases are protiens that can cause damage to lipids as they digest them
52
What is acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis?
Damage to exocrine cells occurs, resulting in the release of activated digestive enzymes including phospholipases and lipases which digest cell membranes and triglycerides
53
What is a form of physical damage to proteins?
Heat as above 42 degrees proteins become denatured resulting in the release of heat shock proteins in an attempt to address the denaturation problems
54
What is a form of chemical damage to proteins?
Glycation - inhibit protein function. Cause proteins to cross-link and become insoluble. Generate ROS and bind to RAGE receptors to reduce blood flow and cause inflammation
55
Biological damage to proteins
Proteases e.g inflammation Arthritis cleaves collagen in joints Emphysema cleaved elastin in the lung extracellular matrix Cancer invasion cleaved laminin allows cancer cells to migrate.
56
What is acute intracellular oedema?
When the ability of the cell to regulate ion concentrations is compromised resulting in swelling which is initially reversible
57
What is Abnormal storage?
Accumulation of products such as fat and glycogen resulting from either increased concentration or a reduced ability of hepatocytes to metabolism them

MEDSCI 203 (10 decks)

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