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STEP 1 > Running list of JUST MEMORIZE > Flashcards

Running list of JUST MEMORIZE Flashcards

1
Q

1st aortic arch

A

Maxillary artery

1st arch is MAXimal

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2
Q

2nd aortic arch

A

Stapedial and hyoid arter

Second = Stapedius

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3
Q

3rd aortic arch

A

Common carotid and internal carotid

3rd = C

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4
Q

4th aortic arch

A

Left = aortic arch
Right = subclavian
4 Limbs

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5
Q

5th aortic arch

A

Obliterates

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6
Q

6th aortic arch

A

Proximal pulmonary arteries

Ductus arteriosus

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7
Q

Right recurrent vs. left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Right wraps subclavian

Left wraps aortic arch distal to DA

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8
Q

Pharyngeal clefts derived from

A

eCtoderm

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9
Q

Pharyngeal arches derived from

A

mesoderm and neural crest

ARCH = CREST

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10
Q

Pharyngeal pouches derived from

A

endoderm

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11
Q

Pharyngeal embryologic derivatives

A

CAP (outside to inside)
Cleft = ecto
Arch = meso/crest
Pouch = endo

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12
Q

1st pharyngeal cleft

A

External auditory meatus

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13
Q

2nd-4th pharyngeal clefts

A

Temporary cervical sinuses

Persistent = lateral neck cyst, immobile with swallow

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14
Q

Pharyngeal arch nerves mneumonic

A 
When at golden arches:
Chew (V2/V3 of V)
Smile (VII)
Swallow stylish (stylopharyngeus IX)
Simply swallow (superior laryngeal X)
Speak (recurrent laryngeal X)
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15
Q

1st pharyngeal arch derivatives

A 
Maxiallary, Mandibular processes
Malleus, Incus
Masseter, Medial/lateral pterygoids
Mylohyoid
Anterior diagastric
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16
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch derivatives

A 
Stapes
Styloid
Lesser horn of hyoid
Stylohyoid ligament
Muscles of facial expression
Stapedius
Platysma
Posterior diagastric
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17
Q

3rd pharyngeal arch derivatives

A

Greater horn of hyoid

Stylopharyngeus

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18
Q

4th/6th pharyngeal arch derivatives

A 
Arytenoids
Cricoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
Thyroid
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19
Q

1st pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

Ear

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20
Q

2nd pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

Tonsils

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21
Q

3rd pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

Dorsal -> inferior parathyroids

Ventral -> thymus

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22
Q

4th pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

Dorsal -> superior parathyroids

Ventral -> ultimobranchial body, C cells

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23
Q

RDS of glycolysis

A

PFK-1

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24
Q

RDS of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

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25
RDS of TCA
Isocitrate DH
26
RDS of glycogenesis
Glycogen synthase
27
RDS of glycogenolysis
Glycogen phosphorylase
28
RDS of HMP shunt
G6PD
29
RDS of De novo pyrimidine synthesis
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
30
RDS of De novo purine synthesis
PRPP amidotransferase
31
RDS of urea cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
32
RDS of fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
33
RDS of Fatty acid oxidation
Carnitine acyltransferase I
34
RDS of ketogenesis
HMG-CoA synthase
35
RDS of cholesterol synthesis
HMG-CoA reductase
36
Enzyme deficient in MSUD
Branched chain amino acid breakdown | Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine
37
Enzyme deficient in Alkaptonuria
Homogentisate oxidase | Blue-black disease
38
Enzyme deficient in homocystinuria (3 types) | treatment
``` Cystathionine synthase (dec met, inc cys, inc B12) Pyridoxal phosphate (inc cys, inc B6) Methionine synthase (inc met) ```
39
Enzyme deficient in cystinuria
CPT transport of Cystine, Ornithine, Lysine, and Arginine
40
Enzyme deficient in Von Gierke
Glucose-6-phosphatase Inc Glycogen = Inc Gout
41
Enzyme deficient in Pompe
a 1-4 glucosidase Pompe trashes the Pump
42
Enzyme deficient in Cori disease
Debranching enzyme (a 1,6 glucosidase)
43
Enzyme deficient in McArdle
Skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase McArdle = Muscle
44
5 T's of congenital heart dz
``` Truncus arteriosus (1 vessel) Transposition (2 switched vessels) Tricuspid atresia (TRI) Tetraology of Fallot (TETRA) - PROVe TAPVR (5 letters) - and what you have (probably not) ```
45
CYP450 induction
CHRONIC ALCOHOLics STeal PHEN-PHEN and NEver Refuse GReasy CARBs ``` Chronic alcohol use St. John's Wart Phenytoin Phenobarbital Nevirapine Rifampin Griseofulvin Carbamazepine ```
46
CYP450 substrates
Always Think When Ovulating, Silly! ``` Anti-epileptics Theophylline (PDE inhibitor, bronchodilator) Warfarin OCP's Statins ```
47
CYP450 inhibitors
AAA RACKS IN GQ Magazine ``` Acute alcohol abuse Ritonavir Amiodarone Cimentidine/cipro Ketoconazole Sulfonamides INH Grapefruit Juice Quinidine Macrolides (except Azy = A OK) ```
48
Mood disorder drugs
Larry's Light Velvet Carbs Lamotrigine (stuffed llama in sketchy) Lithium Valproic acid (banner in sketchy) Carbamazipine (frozen car in sketchy)
49
Focal simple/complex seizure treatments
PHEN PHEN Grabs Carbs Phenytoin Phenobarbitol Gabapentin Carbamazipine (esp. trigeminal nerve myalgia)
50
Generalized tonic/clonic (myoclonic, atonic, absence)
Larry (the llama) Loves Touching Velvet Lamotrigine - llama in sketchy Levitracitam Topiramate Valproic acid
51
Can't pee Can't see Can't climb a tree
Reiter's
52
Can't see Can't climb a tree Can't scream weeeeeee
Sjogren's
53
Can't pee Can't see Can't hear a bee
Alport syndrome (Col-IV mutation)
54
``` Epithelial cancer marker Lymphoid cancer marker Mesenchymal cancer marker Myeloid cancer marker Neuroendrocrine cancer marker ```
``` Epi= cytokeratin Lymphoid= CD20 (B), CD3 (T) Mes= Vimenten Myeloid= MPO Neuroendo= synaptophysin, chromogranin A ```
55
Trendelenburg gait
Ipsilateral foot drop on walking Contralateral superior gluteal nerve injury (L4-S1) Nerve is superior medial, therefore always inject superior lateral
56
Sudden traction on extended/pronated elbow in children
Nursemaid's elbow Annular ligament injury Radial subluxation
57
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
``` HGPRT defect, excess de novo purine Hyperuricemia Gout Pissed off Retardation dysTonia ``` Tx: allopurinol
58
Which way to dynein and kinesin move?
Dynein DIVES towards cell body (deep) Kinesin moves to axon terminal HSV/VZV reactivation = kinesin
59
Stop codons What are they bound to?
UAG, UGA, UAA Releasing factor 1 (not an amino acid)
60
Types of glial cells
Astrocytes: repair, structure, BBB, metabolic (GFAP+) ODGs: myelin Microglia (BM precursor): phagocytosis
61
Finger tingling and association with chronic hemodialysis
Carpal tunnel - often bilateral Sensory impairment/pain Thenar atrophy Tinel/phalen
62
Most common benign liver cancer
Cavernous hemangioma
63
Neutrophil chemotaxis agents
Leukotriene B4 5-HETE C5a (not C3a or C4a) IL-8
64
Sudden, severe headache and/or "worst headache of my life" What is it and most common mech?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage Berry aneurism rupture
65
Ureter anatomy at level of abdomen, pelvic inlet and true pelvis
Ureter is posterior to gonadal vessels Ureter is anterior to internal iliac Ureter is posterior to uterine artery
66
Serum PTH and calcium findings in osteoporosis
NORMAL
67
Best NSAID for PUD
COX-2 selective
68
TORCH infections
``` Toxo Other: infant meningitis, hydrops (B19), VZV Rubella CMV HIV/HSV-2 ```
69
Alright, it caught up to you: let's walk through leukocyte accumulation
Margination: improved contact Rolling: L-selectin (neuts) P/E selectin on endothelium Activation: Adhesion/crawling: CD18 (Mac-1, LFA-1) to ICAM-1 Transmigration: PECAM-1
70
Accuracy vs precision (along with reliability and validity)
``` Accuracy = validity = hitting bull's eye Precision = reliability = consistent ```
71
B1 coenzyme reactions
1. Pryruvate DH 2. a-ketoglutarate (CA cycle) 3. branched chain a-ketoacid DH (branched chain AA) 4. Transketolase (pentose shunt back to glycolysis)
72
``` Fractures and nerve injury: Surgical neck of humerous Midshaft humerous Medial epicondyle Radial sublux Carpal tunnel Guyon canal ```
``` Surgical neck of humerous: axillary Midshaft humerous: radial (wrist drop) Medial epicondyle: ulnar Radial sublux: radial (finger drop) Carpal tunnel: median Guyon canal: ulnar ```
73
Integrin function
Binds plasma membrane to collagen via fibronectin
74
Proto-onco genes
``` ABL BRAF HER MYC KRAS TGF-a ``` Always Buy HER Money, Krystal, Tigers If BRAF is ABL
75
Tumor suppressor genes
``` APC/ßcatenin BRCA NF1 TP53 RB VHL WT-1 ``` Always Borrow Nature To Remain Very Wealthy
76
Dihydrorhodamine test
Tests respiratory burst | Green fluroescence of neuts
77
What the balls is neprilysin
MMP that cleaves Natiuretic Peptide | NePrilysin
78
Riboflavin deficency (and enzyme)
Angular stomatitis and glosittis Succinate DH SUC's to suck (stomatitis)
79
Red ragged fibers on Gomori Trichrome
Mitochondrial disease | Heteroplasmy
80
PCP vs. meth
Similar but PCP has nystagmus
81
Mu opioid fast adverse reaction
Sphincter of Odi contraction
82
Drugs preferentially eliminated by liver: characteristics
High volume of distribution Lipophilic Can re-enter blood after being filtered by kidney
83
Catecholamine synthesis
Tyrosine->DOPA->Dopamine->NE->Epi Enzymes: Tyrosine H, Dopa DC, Dopamine ß-H, PNMT Tired Dopes Don't Never Eat PNMT (+) by cortisol (stress)
84
What tumors have psammoma bodies?
PSaMMoma bodies: Papillary cancer of the thyroid (PFMA) Serous ovarian Meningioma Mesothelioma
85
Niacin dependent enzymes in TCA
Pyruvate DH Isocitrate DH a-ketoglutarate DH Malate DH All take NAD+ to NADH (NAD+ depends on B3)
86
Complement deficiencies
C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency: unregulated activation of kallikrein, increased bradyk, ACEI contraindicated (A C Esterase Inhibitor problem = ACEI CI) C3 def: suscep. to type III hypersensitivity C5-C9 def: suscep. to Neisseria
87
Complement functions
C3a, 4a, 5a = anaplylaxis (5a = little chemotaxis) | C3b = opsonization (binds bacteria)
88
Cytokines: IL1-IL8
Hot T-bone stEAK - clean up on 8 ``` IL-1: fever, endothelial adhesion expression IL-2 stimulates T cells IL-3: stimulates bone marrow IL-4: IgE production IL-5: IgA production IL-6: aKute phase protein IL-8: neutrophil chemotaxis IL-10: Tones it down - T-cells ```
89
Cytokines secreted by macrophages | Cytokines secreted by T cells
``` Macrophages: IL-1 IL-6 IL-8 IL-12 (stimulates Th1 pathway) TNF-a ``` ``` T-cells: IL-2 (all) IL-3 (all) IL-4 (Th2) IL-5 (Th2) IL-10 (Th2, Treg) ```
90
Oxidative burst
No SuperMen Per Republican Goals ``` NADPH oxidase Superoxide dismutase Myeloperoxidase glutathione Peroxidase glutathione Reductase G6PD ``` Phagosome = 1-3 Inside neut = 4-6
91
Sarcoma vs. carcinoma spread
``` Sarcoma = hematogenous Carcinoma = lymphatic Except: Run Home Forest RCC HCC Follicular of the thyroid ```
92
Pyruvate DH requirements
TLC For Nancy ``` Thiamine (B1) Lipoic acid (inhibited by arsenic -> vomit, rice water, garlic breath) CoA (B5) FAD (B2) NAD (B3) ```
93
``` Vitamins in pregnancy: Folic acid Calcium Iron A B6 ```
Folic - neural tube defects, good early Calcium - indicated with inadequate diet, bones Iron - mom heme and baby, placenta B6 - indicated to treat nausea A - not indicated, teratogenic in 1st tri
94
``` Trouble chewing (stops buying gum) Diplopia with long TV/reading sessions ```
Myasthenia gravis | Associated with thymoma -> usually removed
95
What does red safarin stain?
CarTWOledge (type 2 collagen)
96
IRES vs. Kozak sequence
Kozak: normal initiates translation in euk with 5' cap Shine-del: in bacteria IRES: initiates translation outside those -> independent of 5' cap (present in poliovirus) Apoptotic cells can still translate protein using IRES
97
MHC-II complex
a and ß subunit Invarient chain present upon synthesis (placeholder) Destroyed and replaced with external protein that is to be presented
98
Prader Willi inheritence
Double MOM from 15 (uniparental disomy) Dad = deleted Hypotonia, hyperphagia, hypogonad
99
Angelman inheritence
Double DAD from 15 (uniparental disomy) Mom = deleted Ataxic, seizures, inappropriate laughter/smiling
100
HOXA13 mutation
Hand-foot-genital syndrome

STEP 1 (11 decks)

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