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STEP 1 > Running List of JUST MEMORIZE part 2 > Flashcards

Running List of JUST MEMORIZE part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

HLA-A3

A

Hemochromatosis

HA3mochromatosis

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2
Q

HLA-B8

A

Addison disease

Myasthenia gravis

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3
Q

HLA-B27

A

PAIR of 27’s

Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
IBD associated arthritis
Reactive arthritis

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4
Q

HLA-DQ2/DQ8

A

Celiac disease

I 8 2 much at Dairy Queen

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5
Q

HLA-DR2

A

MS
SLE
Goodpasture

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6
Q

HLA-DR3

A 
T1DM
SLE
Graves
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Addison
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7
Q

HLA-DR4

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (4 walls in a rheum)
T1DM
Addison

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8
Q

HLA-DR5

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia)

Hashimoto thyroiditis

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9
Q

Uterine artery origin
Vaginal artery origin
Ovarian artery origin

A 
Uterine/vaginal = internal iliac
Ovarian = abdominal aorta (same for testicular)
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10
Q

Side effects of theophylline

A 
Metabolized by P450
Cardio/neurotoxic
Heart block
Tachyarrhythmias
Seizures
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11
Q

Sarcoid main hits

A

Widespread noncaseating granulomas
Elevated ACE (serum) and CD4/CD8 (BAL)
CXR/CT: coarse opacities, hilar/mediastinal adenopathy
Associations:
interstitial fibrosis, erythema nodosum, Bell’s, hypercalcemia (increased 1-a-hydroxlylase mediated vitamin D in macs)

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12
Q

ASA overdose acid/base findings

A

Initially resp alkalosis (resp. center stim), 12 hours

Later met acid with resp alk (CO2 too low)

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13
Q

Agents that can trigger IgE INdependent histamine release and allergic reaction

A

Opioids
Radiocontrast
Vancomycin

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14
Q

Sideroblastic anemia
Deficient enzyme
Substrate buildup
Fun fact

A

delta-ALA synthase
Glycine and succinyl-CoA
X-linked, basophilic stippling

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15
Q

Lead poisoning anemia
Deficient enzyme
Substrate buildup
Fun fact

A

ferrochelatase, delta-ALA dehydratase
delta-ALA, protoporphyrin
Basophilic stippling, exposure

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16
Q

Acute intermittent porphyria
Deficient enzyme
Substrate buildup
Fun fact

A

Porphobilinogen deaminase
Porphobilinogen
5 P’s: painful, port wine urine, polyneuropathy, psych, precipitated by drugs, EtOH
Tx: glucose and heme (inhibit ALA-synthase)

Por Phloks with Painful Porphyria

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17
Q

Porphyria cutanea tarda
Deficient enzyme
Substrate buildup
Fun fact

A

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
Uroporphyrin (tea colored urine) (uroporphyrinogen III)
Blistering photosensitivity, most common

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18
Q

Late skin test induration - cell types responsible?

A

CD4+

Macrophages

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19
Q

Define pleiotropy

A

1 gene mutation affects many different tissues/expressions

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20
Q

Define locus heterogeneity

A

Many mutations can lead to same disease/trait/phenotype

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21
Q

Important enzyme in triglyceride metabolism?

A

Glycerol kinase
Glycerol -> glycerol-3-phosphate
via DHAP-> glycolysis

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22
Q

Conductive vs. sensorineural hearing loss

A

Conductive:
Rinne -> BC>AC with loss in affected ear
Weber -> lateralizes to affected side

Senorineural:
Rinne -> normal (AC>BC)
Weber -> lateralizes to unaffected side (can hear it in good ear)

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23
Q

Risk factors for transitional carcinoma of the bladder

A

Smoke

Occupation: rubber, analine dyes, textiles, leather etc

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24
Q

Causes of myopathy (nml and elevated CK)

A

nml CK:
GC induced
Polymyalgia rheumatica

elevated CK:
statin induced
inflammatory myopathy (poly/dermatomyositis)
hypothyroid myopathy

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25
Dimercaperol
Treatment for arsenic/insecticide tox
26
TNF-a inhibitors and indications
Etanercept: decoy receptor (interception) RA, psoriasis, AS Infliximab/adalimumam: anti-TNF-a antibody IBD, RA, AS, psoriasis Careful of latent TB reactivation!!!
27
Zenker diverticulum
FALSE! - herniation through weak muscle ``` Elder MIKE has bad breath: Elderly Males Inferior pharyngeal constrictor Killian triangle Esophegeal dysmotility Halitosis ```
28
Clomiphene citrate
``` E2 modulator (antag at E2 receptor in hypothalamus) Useful for fertility in PCOS patients ```
29
Cresentric glomerulosclerosis but fluro neg
Pauci immune = ANCA
30
Elevated alk phos of unclear origin - follow up test?
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) If elevated = hepatic origin If not = bone origin
31
Drug induced vertical nystagmus??
PCP (phencyclidine) | NMDA antagonist
32
Sheehan's pathophys
Pituitary grows in pregnancy - outgrows blood supply | Loss of blood with more intensive childbirths can lead to ischemic necrosis
33
Endothelium dependent vasodilation
In endothelial cell: Arginine + O2 -------(eNOS)--------> NO + citrulline eNOS activated by Ach, BK, shear stress In smooth muscle: GTP -----------(guanylate cyclase)-------> cGMP guanylate cyclase activated by NO cGMP -> vasodilation
34
Acetoacetate - what is it?
Ketone body | Along with beta-hydroxybuterate
35
Role of calcineurin in the immune system | Drugs that interfere
Calcineruin dephos NFAT NFAT goes to nucleus and stimulates IL-2 production IL-2 recruits T cells Cyclosporin and Tacrolimus both inhibit calcineurin
36
Annular pancreas vs. failure of fusion
Failure of ventral portion to migrate correctly Results in duodenal compression Failure of ventral and dorsal fusion = pancreas divism -> predisposes to acute/chronic pancreatitis
37
Hemorrhoids vs. fissure
Above pectinate line: Internal hemorrhoids are painless - visceral innervation Below pectinate line: External hemorrhoids are painful if thrombosed - somatic innervation Anal fissure - painful, blood on paper, posterior (poorly perfused)
38
Hemorrhoids - blood supply
Internal: Arterial - superior rectal artery (IMA) Venous - superior rectal vein -> IM vein -> portal External: Arterial - inferior rectal artery (internal pudendal) Venous - inferior rectal vein -> internal pudendal vein -> internal iliac vein -> common iliac vein -> IVC
39
Hypothalamic nuclei - locals
Ventromedial: satiety Lateral: hunger Anterior: cooling Posterior: heating TAN HATS: Thirst, Anterior pit, Neuro pit, Hunger, Autonomic, Temp, Sexual urges
40
Hypothalamic nuclei - transit
Arcuate: dopamine, GHRH, GnRH Paraventricular: ADH, CRH, oxy, TRH Supraoptic: ADH, oxy Suprachiasmatic: circadian rhythm, pineal gland fxn TAN HATS: Thirst, Ant pit, Neuro pit, Hunger, Autonomic, Temp, Sexual urges
41
Thalamus
VPL: ST, DC/ML - pain, temp, touch, vib, prop VPM: trigeminal, gustatory LGN: CN II, to calcarine sulcus (Lat = Light) MGN: superior olive, inferior colliculus (Med = Music) Ventral lateral: basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor
42
Limbic system
Hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, and Sex
43
Dopaminergic pathways
Mesocortical: dec activity, neg symptoms Mesolimbic: inc activity, pos symptoms Nigrostriatal: dec activity, extrapyr sympt Tuberoinfundibular: dec activity, inc PRL
44
Inc maternal serum AFP | Dec maternal serum AFP
Inc AFP: NT defect, ventral wall defect, multi/twin Dec AFT: aneuplodies Inc ßHCG: 21 Dec ßHCG: 18
45
Watershed zones in the colon
``` Splenic flexure (SMA and IMA) Rectosigmoid jxn (sigmoid and superior rectal) ```
46
ßhCG detection
Serum: 8 days (starts STB at day 6) Urine: 14 days
47
What is responsible for decreased Ca++ levels after myocardial contraction?
Na/Ca exchanger
48
Malignant ovarian neoplasms: EGS Epithelial
Serous - most common. psomma Mucinous - pseudomyxoma peritonei, mucus
49
Malignant ovarian neoplasms: EGS Germ cell
Dysgerminoma adolescents, ßbHCG and LDH Fried egg cells Yolk sac (endodermal) AFP Schiller-Duvall bodies (mini-glomeruli)
50
Malignant ovarian neoplasms: EGS Stroma (sex) cell
Granulosa cell tumor Increased estrogen, inhibin Call-Exner bodies, coffee nuclei Leydig/sertoli Increased androgens
51
RA most commonly leads to what lung dz? | Exacerbated by what drug/treatment?
Fibrosis | MTX
52
EtOH inhibition of gluconeogenesis
Increased NAD+/NADH ratio | Inhibits all NAD+ requiring processes
53
Most common melanoma mutation | Treatment
V600E -> BRAF | Vemurafenib (Ben Franklin's Venom)
54
MEN1 MEN2a MEN2b
1: Pancreas (especially gastrinomas), Pituitary, Parathyroid 2a: Medullary thyroid (calcitonin), Pheo, Parathyroid 2b: Medullary thyroid (calcitonin), Pheo, CNS (also neurofibromas, marfan habitus) All RET genes
55
Biopsy on: Hashimotos Dequervain Ridels
Hash: mononuclear infiltrate with follicles (B cells) Deq: mixed cells with granular/multinuc giant cells (pain) Ridels: extensive fibrosis extending beyond capsule
56
NADPH functions
Cholesterol synthesis Fatty acid synthesis Glutathione antioxidant mechanism
57
Coronary artery dz in a SLE patient?
Cushing's from exogenous steroid Both SLE and Cushing's increase risk for coronary artery dz Adrenals will show bilateral atrophy
58
Patient with hx of autoimmune disorder presents with weight loss, hypotension, n/v (maybe hyperpigmentation)
Acute adrenal insufficiency | Needs shock tx with dex ASAP
59
Gynacomastia prevention?
Tamoxifen
60
RT PCR detects what?
mRNA in the sample
61
Abcess formation due to?
Lysosomal content release by macrophages
62
Power =
1 - ß
63
Brown/black pigment gall stones
Secondary to infection OR hemolytic anemia (conjuation of bili in ducts by beta-gluc) Low cholesterol, high Ca++ Due to release of beta-glucuronidase by injured cells Ecoli, ascaris, or fluke
64
Cheyene stokes breathing?
CHF patients
65
Chronic lung transplant rejection results in
Bronchiolitis obliterans (targets small airways)
66
Buerger Disease
Segmental vasculitis extending into the continuous nerve and vein
67
Ovary epithelial linig
simple cubodial
68
Acid vs base intranuclear inclusions
``` Acid = HSV Base = CMV ```
69
Extramammary paget dz vs. melanoma
``` Paget = PAS+, Keratin +, S100- Melanoma = PAS-, Keratin -, S100+ ``` Paget's = PAKET'S100 (S100 = - on the otherside ')

STEP 1 (11 decks)

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