Runway slope, Considerations, The TO (16/21-05-18)

Question 1

What happens to ASD, and therefore TOR, TOD & LD, with a runway up slope?

Answer 1

ASD will increase

TOR & TOD will increase

LD will reduce

Question 2

What happens to ASD, and therefore TOR, TOD & LD, with a runway down slope?

Answer 2

ASD will reduce

TOR & TOD will reduce

LD will increase

Question 3

How much will ASD increase for every 1% of slope?

Answer 3

it will increase by 5%.

Question 4

How much will ASD decrease for every 1% down slope?

Answer 4

We aren’t interested due to it being safer than already required.

Question 5

What is TODR and what is it’s relationship to TODA?

Answer 5

Take Off Distance Required, a minimum legal length of runway needed to take off, including a safety factor.

TODR must be <= TORA

Question 6

What considerations must be apply to wind on TO?

Answer 6

With a head wind we are only allowed to include a max of 50% of total wind in calculations.

With a tail wind we must account for 150% of the tailwind in calculations.

Question 7

When are we allowed to include reverse thrust in stopping calculations?

Answer 7

When the runway is wet.

Question 8

What is Field length limited TOM (FLLTOM) / Runwau limited TOM (RLTOM)?

Answer 8

The TOM that we are limited to due to being able to reach the required speed from the TODA.

Question 9

What are the threats associated with airframe icing?

Answer 9

Increased mass

increased drag

change in handling

Question 10

What are the threats associated with super cold fuel?

Answer 10

Can affect fuel delivery

Question 11

What are the threats associated with runway contamination?

Answer 11

TOR increases (spray impingement drag, wheel drag, thrust loss)

TOD increase (same)

ASD increase (reduced friction)

LD increase (same)

Directional control is reduced

Question 12

What is considered a contaminated runway?

Answer 12

when more than 25% of the runway is covered by more than 3mm of water of equivellent in slush, snow or ice (they will be less)

a wet runway in not considered contaminated.

Question 13

In winter contamination conditions with a compacted snow/specially prepared winter runway, how is TOR, TOD, ASD and LD affected?

Answer 13

TOR & TOD will be unaffected

ASD & LD will increase

Question 14

What affect will a wet runway have on TOR, TOD, ASD and LD?

Answer 14

TOR & TOD will be unaffected

ASD & LD will be increased

Question 15

What are Aircraft Classification Numbers/Pavement Classification Numbers?

Answer 15

A code that can be used to determine if an aircraft is able to use a certain runway due to structural considerations.

Question 16

How will you know if an aircraft of mass <= 5700kg will be able to use a runway?

Answer 16

Max mass and max tyre pressure will be written on an appropriate Aerodrome plate

Question 17

How will you know if an aircraft of mass > 5700kg is able to use a runway?

Answer 17

By checking if it’s ACN is <= the runways PCN.

Question 18

How are PCNs reported?

Answer 18

4 letter code

first letter is pavement type

R - rigid (concrete slab)

F - flexible (series of layers)

Question 19

In overload operations, when can ACN exceed PCN by 10%?

Answer 19

Occasional movements

when the runway is older than 12 months

When only 5% of movements exceed PCN annually

There are no signs of damage

Question 20

In overload operations, when can ACN exceed PCN by 25%?

Answer 20

In addition to 10% requirements:

the runway is regularly inspected.

Question 21

In overload operations, when can ACN exceed PCN by 50%?

Answer 21

In addition to 25% requirements:

There is an inspection before and after each overload movement

Question 22

In overload operations, when can ACN exceed PCN by more than 50%?

Answer 22

In emergencies

Question 23

What is the brake release point?

Answer 23

The place on the runway where you must hold the aircraft in place until TO thrust is achieved.

Question 24

What happens to your TO data if you don’t use the BRP?

Answer 24

Your TO data will be invalid.

Question 25

What is screen height for Class A aircraft?

Answer 25

35ft but can be reduced to 15ft when wet.

Question 26

What is screen height for Class B aircraft?

Answer 26

50ft

Question 27

What is V_EF?

Answer 27

Engine failure speed for large aircraft The speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail for calculation purposes. It occurs 1 second before V₁ is reached

Question 28

What is the length of time assumed for pilot reaction time?

Answer 28

1 second

Question 29

What is V₁?

Answer 29

The decision speed, Faster than this speed and you have to go Slower than this speed and you can either go or stop.

Question 30

What is V_MBE?

Answer 30

Maximum brake energy speed, Assuming an infinitely long runway, this theoretically is the fastest speed at which the brakes could stop the aircraft with maximum braking force without failing.

Question 31

What is V_MU?

Answer 31

Minimum unstick speed, the slowest speed at which you could safely begin rotation

Question 32

What is V_R?

Answer 32

Rotate speed 5kt faster than V_MU.

Question 33

What is V_LOF?

Answer 33

Lift off speed.

Question 34

What is V_TYRE?

Answer 34

The fastest speed at which the tyres can rotate. The tyres will fail at this speed if on the ground. It is a ground speed.

Question 35

What is V₂?

Answer 35

Free air safety speed, minimum speed when airborne.

Question 36

How is TORR determined?

Answer 36

The highest of: - All engines: (From BRP to V_LOF + 1/2 airborne distance) x 1.15 - One engine inoperative on dry runway: From BRP to V_LOF + 1/2 airborne distance - One engine inoperative on wet runway: From BRP to 15ft

Question 37

How is ASDR determined?

Answer 37

All engines Assumes pilot takes first action to stop at V₁ Includes an additional 2 seconds at V₁ for safety Assumes a wet runway

Question 38

How is TODR determined?

Answer 38

The highest of: - All engines: (From BRP to VLOF + distance to reach 35ft) x 1.15 - One engine inoperative on dry runway: From BRP to VLOF + distance to reach 35ft - One engine inoperative on wet runway: From BRP to 15ft

Question 39

What are the forces in the TO?

Answer 39

Aerodynamic drag, wheel drag and thrust available (which decreases with speed).

Question 40

What happens to overall total drag in the TO?

Answer 40

It increases

Question 41

What happens to wheel drag in the TO?

Answer 41

It decreases with speed.

Question 42

What happens to aerodynamic drag in the TO?

Answer 42

It increases

Question 43

What happens to magnitude of acceleration with increasing speed in the TO?

Answer 43

It decreases

Question 44

What is the percentage increase in runway use with a 10% increase in V_R?

Answer 44

20% increase in runway used

Question 45

What happens to the distance planned to reach V_R, if the rotation is begun too early or fast and/or the rotation is too high or low?

Answer 45

The distance required to reach V_R increases

Question 46

What are the limitations of V_EF?

Answer 46

V_MCG \<= V_EF \< V₁

Question 47

What are the limitations of V₁?

Answer 47

V₁ \< V_MBE

Question 48

What are the limitations of V_R?

Answer 48

V_S & V_MCA \< V_R \<= V₂

Question 49

What are the limitations of V_LOF?

Answer 49

V_LOF \< V_TYRE

Question 50

What are the limitations of V₂?

Answer 50

V₂ \> V_S & V_MCA

Question 51

What is the relationship between V_R , V₂, V_MCA, V_S/S(R)?

Answer 51

Figure: