Russia 1

Question 1

what is a serf?

Answer 1

someone who is forced to work on a plot of land

Question 2

what is the definition of autocracy?

Answer 2

a state of society governed by one person With complete power

Question 3

what changes did Alexander II introduce?

Answer 3

stripped Russia of serfdom (emancipation act), introduced trial by jury and relaxed censorship

Question 4

what policy involved the targeted discrimination of Jews in Russia?

Answer 4

Russification

Question 5

what did Nicholas II’s interest in Asia lead to? (2)

Answer 5

the construction of the trans-siberian railway, the Russo-Japanese war

Question 6

what year was Nicholas and his family executed?

Answer 6

1918

Question 7

what was Vladimir Lenin the founder and leader of? (2)

Answer 7

founder of the Russian communist party, leader of the Russian revolution in 1917

Question 8

what are redemption payments?

Answer 8

peasants, with government loans, had to redeem their land allotments from the landlords and make ‘redemption payments’ for the next 49 years with an interest rate of 6%

Question 9

what is a mir?

Answer 9

a collective organisation of peasant villages that solve land, justice and taxes

Question 10

who were the tsar’s main advisory bodies? (1855)

Answer 10

imperial council or chancellory, the council of ministers and the senate

Question 11

what is a bureaucracy?

Answer 11

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are taken by state officials rather than by elected representatives

Question 12

how many ranks were there and what did each of them have? (1855)

Answer 12

14 and each had their own uniform, form of address and status

Question 13

how was the bureaucracy corrupted?

Answer 13

consisted of paid noble officials

Question 14

how many soldiers were in the Russian army? (1855)

Answer 14

1.5 million conscripted serfs

Question 15

who were the cossacks?

Answer 15

from Ukraine and Southern Russia and known for their skills in horsemanship and strong military tradition. they formed a special military class serving the tsar.

Question 16

what did the police state mean for Russians? (1855)

Answer 16

it prevented freedom of speech, freedom of press and travel abroad

Question 17

what was the police state run by?

Answer 17

the ‘third section’ of the emperors imperial council

Question 18

what did the police state agents have the ability to do?

Answer 18

carry out raids, arrest and imprison or exile anyone suspected of anti-tsarist behaviour.

Question 19

what year was the emancipation edict?

Answer 19

1861

Question 20

what were Alexander II’s reasons for the emancipation edict? (3)

Answer 20

increasing feelings of hostility and several instances of insubordination between landlords and peasants, he claimed it was far better from above rather than below, humiliation during the crimean war so they needed weapons making

Question 21

in what 3 ways did serfs remain unfree after 1861?

Answer 21

originally only applied to privately owned serfs, ‘redemption payments’ and ‘temporary obligation’

Question 22

what 4 problems remained for Russian peasants after emancipation?

Answer 22

most were extremely poor, amount of land reduced in size over time due to inheritance, unable to adopt modern farming methods, only around 50% produced surplus so couldnt afford redemption payments

Question 23

in what 2 ways did emancipation impact on noble landowners?

Answer 23

disappointment at losing power and influence and many noble landowners could not escape economic problems- (bankruptcy, selling or mortgaging)

Question 24

what is the name of Russia’s vast eastern region in Asia?

Answer 24

Siberia

Question 25

what were the 3 reasons for Russia's lack of industrial advancements in 1855?

Answer 25

most of Russia's territory was inhospitable, Russia wasn't utilizing its full potential in trade and communications between different parts of the empire was poor, they had a serf-based economy

Question 26

3 strengths and 2 weaknesses of the military reforms between 1874-75

Answer 26

s= more efficient + less expensive ; medical care, provisions and weaponry improved ; education campaigns. w= officers were still mostly made up of nobles; the army still suffered humiliating defeats (Japan + ww1)

Question 27

what was a Zemstvo?

Answer 27

land council

Question 28

what was a Duma?

Answer 28

local city/ town council

Question 29

what were the Zemstvos and Dumas able to do?

Answer 29

improve public services, roads, schools and public health

Question 30

what reforms occurred associated with education during 1863-4 created by Alexander II?

Answer 30

gave universities the power to govern themselves. schools were now open to all.

Question 31

what were the weakening aspects of Alexander II's education reforms?

Answer 31

many students became attracted to radical ideas and challenged the government.

Question 32

when were zemstvos formed?

Answer 32

1864

Question 33

when were town Dumas formed?

Answer 33

1870

Question 34

what were tsar Alexander II's reasons for reaction?

Answer 34

societal problems (assassination attempts, dislike for western ideas), his advisors (conservative ministers, influence of mistress), loss of power

Question 35

what were Alexander II's reactionary policies for education?

Answer 35

reduced the zemstvos' power over schools and gave the church back its authority of rural schools, more traditional curriculum

Question 36

what were Alexander II's reactionary policies for the police and judiciary?

Answer 36

stepped up persecution of non-Russian ethnic minorities and other religions, governor- generals were established and given powers to prosecute and exile political offenders, political trials were transferred from regular civil courts to special secret courts

Question 37

what was the name of the 'constitution' that involved changing the law in Russia to allow more democratic politics but was never passed?

Answer 37

the Loris-Melikov 'constitution'

Question 38

what did the Loris-Melikov 'constitution' involve?

Answer 38

releasing political prisoners, relaxing censorship, and removing restrictions on the Zemstvos

Question 39

what was the name of Alexander III's conservative tutor?

Answer 39

Konstantin Pobedonostev

Question 40

name 3 ways in which Alexander III reversed his father's reforms?

Answer 40

any 3 from: the electorate was changed for town Dumas, the methods of electing Zemstvos were changed to increase nobility power and decrease peasant power, children from the lowest social classes were restricted to primary education, ministry of justice given power over courts e.g the right to closed court sessions, no. of police increased and powers increased to arrest revolutionaries who'd have no right to legal representation

Question 41

what 4 reforms did Alexander III introduce?

Answer 41

reduced redemption fees, removed poll tax, introduced inheritance tax, factory inspections

Question 42

what is the definition of Russification?

Answer 42

making Russia's people more "Russki" by spreading "Russki" language, culture and religion

Question 43

what is the difference between Russkii and Rossiiskii?

Answer 43

Russkii= Russian ethnicity Rossiiskii=of the Russian empire

Question 44

what were Alexander II's signs of Russification vs toleration? (2 each)

Answer 44

Russification- Ukrainian language prohibited in performance, exiled polish rebels toleration- Finland allowed Diet (parliament), concessions to Latvians and Estonians

Question 45

When was the Crimean war?

Answer 45

1853-56

Question 46

When was h the emancipation of the serfs?

Answer 46

1861

Question 47

What year were Governor Generals established?

Answer 47

1879

Question 48

What were governor generals?

Answer 48

Established in Russian provinces to make sure areas outside the capital city were under control and were given powers to prosecute people in military courts and exile political offenders

Question 49

What percentage of serfs remained temporarily obligated to landowners until 1881?

Answer 49

15%

Question 50

how did the kulaks benefit from emancipation?

Answer 50

bought up extra land and were able to produce surplus grain to sell

Question 51

what was the response to the poverty for some caused my the emancipation?

Answer 51

647 riots took place

Question 52

what were Alexander II's reasons for russification?

Answer 52

focus on preventing uprisings on non-Russian people

Question 53

what was the only real example of Alexander II's russification?

Answer 53

1863, Polish rebellion 200,000 rebels defeated and many exiled to Siberia

Question 54

give an example of industrial development through the building of a town?

Answer 54

1863- "Hughes town" in Donbass region in Ukraine, Jonathon Hughes, foreign engineer brought over

Question 55

how were agricultural tools a sign of a lack of progress after the emancipation?

Answer 55

old technology such as the sokha (wooden plough)

Question 56

what reduced the influence of orthodox christianity?

Answer 56

peasants moved to cities and often became less religious