Russia 2

Question 1

what were the three ideologies the Liberal intelligentsia?

Answer 1

anarchism, socialism and liberalism

Question 2

what were the populists interested in and why?

Answer 2

the mir because of its collective and egalitarian structure which could act as a basis for introducing socialism into Russia

Question 3

what was the Tchaikovsky circle?

Answer 3

they sent workers into the countryside to work with peasants during ‘the go to the people movement’ and to encourage them to join the revolution in Russia

Question 4

what did Mikhail Romas do to peacefully encourage revolution?

Answer 4

set up cooperatives in a village which demonstrated how a new society could look and inspired many of the intelligentsia and some workers and peasants.

Question 5

how did some violet populists believe they could encourage people to take revolutionary action?

Answer 5

by showing that ‘the Tsar’s feet are made out of clay’

Question 6

what was the name of the main populist organisation founded in 1877?

Answer 6

‘Land and Freedom’

Question 7

how did ‘Land and Freedom’ aim to spread propaganda?

Answer 7

by gaining work in the countryside to spread propaganda to ‘the people’ and others aimed to influence the Zemstvos to encourage further reform in Russia

Question 8

How did the ‘Movement to the people’ disappoint Russian populists?

Answer 8

Many peasants ignored or dismissed populist ideas and others gave the populists into the police

Question 9

why was the failure of the ‘Movement to the people’ important for Russian populists?

Answer 9

encouraged splits within ‘Land and Freedom’ as some people advocated peaceful propaganda and others turned to terrorism. After the success of terrorist actions such as the assassination of General Mezemtsev, it inspired others to pursue revolutionary terrorism but led to growing arguments between populists over tactics

Question 10

what two organisations came out of the split between ‘Land and Freedom’?

Answer 10

the black repartition and the peoples will

Question 11

who set up the Black Repartition?

Answer 11

Georgii Plekhanov

Question 12

what was the aim of Black Repartition?

Answer 12

to share out the ‘black soil’ provinces (where farm land was most fertile)

Question 13

what was the new radical group formed by Plekhanov which year was this created and what belief did they follow?

Answer 13

‘The Emancipation of Labour’, 1883 + Marxism

Question 14

what is the bourgeoisie?

Answer 14

business owners and industrialists

Question 15

what is the proletariat?

Answer 15

working class

Question 16

what were Marxist’s initial views on industrialization and revolution?

Answer 16

they believed that revolution would be made by the proletariat and not the peasantry and that it was necessary for Russia to industrialise + increase the size and power of the working class

Question 17

what was Plekhanov’s new model of Marxism created to fit Russia’s conditions?

Answer 17

‘two-stage revolutionary strategy’- Russia would first ave to experience a bourgeois (capitalist) revolution where the Tsar and nobility would be overthrown + replaced by a govt made of capitalists. when this had happened, Russians would be given civil liberties (including democracy, freedom of speech and freedom to organise)

Question 18

what would first have to happen for Plekhanov’s two-stage revolutionary strategy to work?

Answer 18

since Russia’s proletariat was too weak to make the revolution themselves, he argues that the bourgeoisie led by socialists would have to organise to make revolution happen. (A capitalist revolution being made by workers)

Question 19

what were the names of Alexander II’s finance ministers?

Answer 19

Mikhail von Reutern, Ivan Vyshnegradsky and Sergei Witte

Question 20

what did Mikhail Von Reutern improve to stimulate industrial development?

Answer 20

began reform tax and introduced foreign investment

Question 21

what did Ivan Vyshnegradsky improve?

Answer 21

raised funds by increasing grain exports

Question 22

what did the increase in grain exports contribute to and when?

Answer 22

famine, 1891-2

Question 23

what did Witte improve?

Answer 23

raised foreign investment and financed railways

Question 24

what was the largest railway completed in the 1890s called?

Answer 24

Trans-siberian railway

Question 25

what did Nobles do after the Emancipation of the serfs?

Answer 25

their landholdings declined greatly so some chose to sell of the rest of their land to pay off debt and others moved to the countryside and took up new professions such as lawyers and doctors, this meant they lost status

Question 26

what changes did the Bourgeoisie experience by after 1894?

Answer 26

more jobs available (e.g. bankers, doctors, teachers); benefitted from govt contracts to build railways and state loans to support industry and build factories; the zemstvos and Dumas gave jobs to well-trained professionals; others became managers running factories

Question 27

what does paid in kind mean?

Answer 27

when someone is not given money for work but instead given goods such as food and accommodation

Question 28

what legislation did the govt introduce in an attempt to improve Proletariat working conditions?

Answer 28

1882-90 factory reforms: regulating child labour; reducing working hours; limiting women's work at night; and reducing fines and payment in kind; govt inspectors visited factories to check on working and living conditions

Question 29

why were wealthy kulaks resented in many villages?

Answer 29

as they employed other peasants to work for them and sold food to other peasants

Question 30

what changes did the poorest peasants experience?

Answer 30

some were forced to sell land and became landless labourers, forced to work for others to make a living; many fell into increasing debt.

Question 31

why were peasants who were preciously state serfs better off than private serfs?

Answer 31

zemstvos provided better healthcare and education than peasants had recieved before

Question 32

give 3 ways the orthodox church had little power

Answer 32

the Russian state had significant power over the church + the church was run by the holy synod; Peasants combines Orthodox Christian beliefs with supersitions; priests were foten resented in villages

Question 33

what is an example of a pagan belief that peasants had?

Answer 33

rusalkas= water nymphs

Question 34

why were priests resented by peasants in villages?

Answer 34

as the peasants were required to donate money and food to them,

Question 35

Why were the Emancipation of Labour initially weak in Russia?

Answer 35

Plekhanov was in exile in Switzerland so the EoL had few members in Russia

Question 36

what do historians generally split the liberal intelligentsia into?

Answer 36

slavophiles and westernisers

Question 37

what did slavophiles believe?

Answer 37

that Russia had a unique culture and heritage (peasantry and orthodox church) which should be preserved as Russia modernized

Question 38

what did westerners believe?

Answer 38

that Russia should look the west as it modernized

Question 39

what did Liberalism focus on?

Answer 39

ensuring peopled civil liberties and democracy

Question 40

what did socialists believe?

Answer 40

that everyone should be equal and capitalism should be replaced by society working together

Question 41

what did anarchists believe?

Answer 41

govt should be abolished and replaced by a self-governing communities in which everyone would be equal and free

Question 42

what event gave confidence to the Liberal Intelligentsia that the system of ruling needed to be changed and why?

Answer 42

1881-82 famine s zemstvos quickly looked to resolve it by organizing famine relief to help starving peasants, witnessing the ineffectiveness of the Tsarist political system

Question 43

what was introduced under Von Reutern?

Answer 43

new funding to stimulate economic growth and more banks established e.g. municipal banks

Question 44

what did Von Reutern reform and what did this improve?

Answer 44

the treasury so collecting tax was more efficient and effective

Question 45

what were the impacts of Von Reutern's policies?

Answer 45

- sudden growth in industry and foreign trade -railway network expanded greatly -economy expanded by 6% each year

Question 46

what were the limitations of Von Reteurn's reforms?

Answer 46

-economy remained weak -1/3 of govt expenditure on repyaing debts -rouble unstable

Question 47

what did Vyshnegradsky change?

Answer 47

-ramped up trade tariffs on imports of raw materials -agreed loans with foreign countries -began a campaign to export grain from Russia -increased indirect taxes

Question 48

what was the impact of Vyshnegradsky's policies?

Answer 48

-1881-91, grain exports increased by 18% -1892, govt budget in surplus

Question 49

what were the limitations of Vyshnegradsky's policies?

Answer 49

-peasants hit hard by increasing grain exports and indirect taxes -famine 1891-92, 350,000 peasant taxes

Question 50

what were the impacts of Witte's policies?

Answer 50

-foreign investment 215 mill roubles to 280 mill roubles -1897- 4th largest industrial economy

Question 51

what were Witte's policies?

Answer 51

-continued protectionist trade tariffs, heavy taxation + exports of Russian grain -brought in more loans from abroad -encouraged Western European engineers managers and workers to come and give advice