Rutgers exam Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
What is Clinical Research?
A
Clinical Research evaluates the best ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat adverse health issues that adversely affect individuals and families.
2
Q
What is Health Research?
A
Health Research is the investigation of health and disease or any of the factors that contribute to the presence or absence of physical, mental, and social health among individuals, families, communities, nations, or the world population as a whole.
3
Q
What is Basic Medical Research?
A
Basic Medical Research studies molecules, genes, cells, and other smaller biological components related to human function and health.
4
Q
What is Translational Research?
A
Translational Research bridges basic research and clinical research by applying scientific discoveries to the improvement of clinical outcomes.
5
Q
What is Population Health Research?
A
Population Health Research examines health outcomes at the community, regional, national, and worldwide levels.
6
Q
What is Public Health?
A
Public Health consists of the actions taken to promote health and prevent illnesses, injuries, and early deaths at the population level.
7
Q
What is the Research Process?
A
The Research Process is the process of systematically and carefully investigating a topic in order to discover new insights about the world.
8
Q
What are Determinants of Health?
A
Determinants of Health are the biological, behavioral, social, environmental, political, and other factors that influence the health status of individuals and populations.
9
Q
What is Evidence-based Medicine?
A
Evidence-based Medicine uses the results of rigorous research studies to optimize clinical decision making.
10
Q
What does PICO stand for?
A
PICO stands for Patient/Population/Problem, Intervention, Comparison group, Outcome of interest, and Time frame for follow-up.
11
Q
What is a Testable Question?
A
A Testable Question is a research question to be answered using experiments or other types of measurements.
12
Q
What are Medical Subject Headings?
A
Medical Subject Headings is a vocabulary thesaurus that can be used for searches of MEDLINE and other health science databases.
13
Q
What is an Exposure?
A
An Exposure is a personal characteristic, behavior, environmental encounter, or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition.
14
Q
What is a Risk Factor?
A
A Risk Factor is an exposure that increases an individual’s likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease or outcome.
15
Q
What is a Protective Factor?
A
A Protective Factor is an exposure that reduces an individual’s likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease or outcome.
16
Q
What is a Modifiable Risk Factor?
A
A Modifiable Risk Factor is a risk factor for a disease that can be avoided or mitigated.
17
Q
What is Primary Prevention?
A
Primary Prevention encompasses health behaviors and other protective actions that help keep an adverse health event from occurring in people who do not already have the condition.
18
Q
What is Secondary Prevention?
A
Secondary Prevention is the detection of health problems in asymptomatic individuals at an early stage when the conditions have not yet caused significant damage to the body and can be treated more easily.
19
Q
What is Mortality?
A
Mortality refers to deaths.
20
Q
What is Morbidity?
A
Morbidity refers to nonfatal illnesses.
21
Q
What is Comorbidity?
A
Comorbidity refers to two or more adverse health conditions occurring at the same time.
22
Q
What is the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL)?
A
SoTL is the process of using systematic investigations to improve the quality of education.
23
Q
What is PubMed?
A
PubMed is a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine that provides access to nearly 30 million abstracts of journal articles.
24
Q
What is Generalizability?
A
Generalizability is the extent to which the results of one study are applicable to a broader target audience.
25
What is Internal Validity?
Internal Validity is the evidence that a study measured what it intended to measure.
26
What is External Validity?
External Validity is the likelihood that the results of a study with internal validity can be generalized to other populations, places, and times.
27
What is Originality in research?
Originality refers to the aspects of a new research project that are novel and will allow it to make a unique contribution to the health science literature.
28
What is Replicability?
Replicability means a study protocol implemented in a new study population should generate results similar to those of the original study.
29
What is an Annotated Bibliography?
An Annotated Bibliography is a list of related publications that includes a full reference for each document being reviewed, a brief summary, and a note about the resource’s potential relevance to the new study.
30
What is a Specific Aim?
A Specific Aim is a carefully described action that will help the researcher make progress toward achieving the big-picture goal.
31
What is a Hypothesis?
A Hypothesis is an informed assumption about the likely outcome of a well-designed investigation that can be tested using scientific methods.
32
What does SMART stand for?
SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Timely.
33
What is a Theoretical Framework?
A Theoretical Framework is a set of established models in the published literature that can inform the components and flows of the conceptual framework for a new study.
34
What is Coauthorship?
Coauthorship is the process of two or more collaborators working together to write a research report.
35
What are the Authorship Criteria?
Coauthorship must meet all four conditions:
* making substantial contributions,
* drafting the article or providing critical revisions,
* approving the final version of the manuscript, and
* accepting responsibility for the integrity of the paper.
36
Who is the First Author?
The First Author is typically the person who was the most involved in drafting the manuscript.
37
Who is the Senior Author?
The Senior Author is an experienced researcher, often the head of a research group or the primary research supervisor for a student.
38
How many Types of Study Designs?
There are eight common study designs.
39
What is the difference between Observational and Experimental Studies?
An observational study does not intentionally expose any participants to an intervention, while an experimental study assigns participants to receive a particular exposure.
40
What is Epidemiology?
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health in human populations.
41
What is Primary Research?
Primary Research collects new data from individuals.
42
What is Secondary Research?
Secondary Research analyzes an existing data set or existing health records.
43
What is Tertiary Research?
Tertiary Research reviews and synthesizes the existing literature on a topic.
44
What is a Case Series?
A Case Series is a report that describes a group of individuals who have the same disease or disorder.
45
What is a Case Report?
A Case Report is a report that describes one patient.
46
What is a Case Definition?
A Case Definition is a list of inclusion and exclusion criteria that must be met for an individual to be classified as a person with the disease of interest.
47
What is the Case Fatality Rate?
The Case Fatality Rate is the proportion of people with a particular disease who die as a result of that condition.
48
What is a Cross-Sectional Study?
A Cross-Sectional Study measures the proportion of members of a population who have a particular exposure or disease over a short duration of time.
49
What is a Repeated Cross-Sectional Study?
A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study is a series of cross-sectional studies that resample and resurvey representatives from the same source population at two or more different time points.
50
What is Representativeness?
Representativeness is the degree to which the participants in a study are similar to the source population from which they were drawn.
51
What are Case-Control Studies?
Case-Control Studies compare the exposure histories of people with disease (cases) and people without disease (controls) to identify risk factors.
52
What is Bias in research?
Bias is a systematic flaw in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that can cause the results not to accurately reflect the truth.
53
What is Recall Bias?
Recall Bias occurs when cases and controls systematically have different memories of the past.
54
What is Misclassification Bias?
Misclassification Bias occurs when participants are not correctly categorized.
55
What is an Odds Ratio (OR)?
An Odds Ratio is a ratio of odds in which the denominator represents the reference group.
56
What is a Cohort Study?
A Cohort Study is an observational study that follows people forward in time to measure the rate of incident cases of disease.
57
What are Prospective Cohort Studies?
Prospective Cohort Studies recruit participants based on their exposure status at the time of the baseline survey.
58
What are Retrospective Cohort Studies?
Retrospective Cohort Studies recruit participants based on data about their exposure status at some point in the past.
59
What are Longitudinal Cohort Studies?
Longitudinal Cohort Studies follow a group of individuals who are representative members of a selected population forward in time.
60
What is Incidence Rate?
Incidence Rate is the number of new cases of disease in a population during a specified period divided by the total number of people at risk.
61
What is Incidence Rate Ratio?
Incidence Rate Ratio compares the incidence rate among the exposed to the incidence rate in the unexposed.
62
What is a Randomized Control Trial (RCT)?
A Randomized Control Trial is where participants are randomly assigned to an active intervention group or a control group.
63
What is Control/Placebo?
Control/Placebo is an inactive comparison that is similar to the therapy being tested.
64
What is Blinding in research?
Blinding is an experimental design element that keeps participants from knowing whether they are in the active intervention group or the control group.
65
What is Randomization?
Randomization is the assignment of participants to an exposure group in an experimental study using a chance-based method.
66
What is Efficacy?
Efficacy is a measure of the success of an intervention calculated as the proportion of individuals in the control group who would have experienced an unfavorable outcome if assigned to the active group.
67
What is Diagnostic Accuracy?
Diagnostic Accuracy is the percentage of individuals correctly classified by the test as true positives or true negatives.
68
What is False Positive Rate?
False Positive Rate is the proportion of people who do not have a disease but incorrectly test positive.
69
What is False Negative Rate?
False Negative Rate is the proportion of people who have a disease but incorrectly test negative.
70
What is Treatment-Received Analysis?
Treatment-Received Analysis includes only participants who were fully compliant with their assigned intervention.
71
What is Intention to Treat Analysis?
Intention to Treat Analysis includes all participants, even if they were not fully compliant with their assigned protocol.
72
What is an Adverse Reaction?
An Adverse Reaction is a negative side effect of a medication, vaccination, or other exposure.
73
What is an Adverse Event?
An Adverse Event is a negative outcome that may be the direct result of a study-related exposure.
74
What is Qualitative Research?
Qualitative Research uses in-depth interviews and other unstructured methods to explore attitudes and perceptions.
75
What are Qualitative Methodologies?
Qualitative Methodologies include phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case studies.
76
What are Mixed Methods?
Mixed Methods use both quantitative and qualitative methods in one research study.
77
What is a Correlational Study?
A Correlational Study uses population-level data to look for associations between two or more characteristics.
78
What is an Aggregate Study?
An Aggregate Study is a correlational study that looks only at grouped population-level data.
79
What is an Ecological Study?
An Ecological Study is a correlational study that explores an environmental exposure.
80
What is Ecological Fallacy?
Ecological Fallacy is the incorrect assumption that individuals follow the trends observed in population-level data.
81
What is Correlation?
Correlation is a statistical measure of the degree to which changes in one variable predict changes in another.
82
What is Pearson Correlation?
Pearson Correlation is used for continuous variables and other variables that can be plotted on a number line.
83
What is Spearman Correlation?
Spearman Correlation is used when examining the correlation between ranked responses.
84
What is Synthesis Research?
Synthesis Research integrates existing knowledge from previous research projects.
85
What are Narrative Reviews?
Narrative Reviews provide a unique perspective about a topic using evidence from the literature.
86
What is a Systematic Review?
A Systematic Review uses a predetermined and comprehensive method to identify relevant articles.
87
What is a Meta-analysis?
A Meta-analysis is the calculation of a pooled statistic that combines the results of similar studies.
88
What is a Research Protocol?
A Research Protocol is a detailed written description of all processes and procedures used for participant recruitment, data collection, and analysis.
89
What is Reproducibility?
Reproducibility is the ability of an independent researcher to implement another researcher’s data analysis protocol and generate the same results.
90
What is a Gantt Chart?
A Gantt Chart is a type of bar chart that visually displays the research timeline and marks critical dates.
91
Who is the Primary Investigator (PI)?
The Primary Investigator is the leading researcher responsible for ensuring the protocol is followed.
92
What is the Belmont Report?
The Belmont Report defined key research ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and distributive justice.
93
What does Respect for Persons mean?
Respect for Persons emphasizes autonomy, informed consent, voluntariness, and protection of vulnerable individuals.
94
What is Beneficence?
Beneficence is the ethical imperative for a study to maximize benefits and minimize harms.
95
What is Distributive Justice?
Distributive Justice requires the benefits and burdens of research to be fairly allocated.
96
What is Informed Consent?
Informed Consent is an individual’s voluntary decision to participate in a research study after reviewing essential information.
97
What is Confidentiality?
Confidentiality is the protection of personal information provided to researchers.
98
What is Privacy in research?
Privacy is the assurance that individuals get to choose what information they reveal about themselves.
99
What is Cultural Competency?
Cultural Competency is the ability to communicate effectively with people from different cultures.
100
What are Vulnerable Populations?
Vulnerable Populations are groups who have restricted autonomy or might be at elevated risk of harm from research.
101
What is Ethics Training?
Ethics Training is required for everyone in direct contact with research participants or their identifiable data.
102
What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
The IRB is a group responsible for protecting people who participate in research studies.
103
What is Exempt Review?
Exempt Review is a determination by an IRB that a research protocol does not require full review.
104
What is Full Review?
Full Review is a determination by an IRB that the full committee must discuss a study protocol.
105
What is Expedited Review?
Expedited Review is a determination by an IRB that a proposal requires review but not by the full committee.
106
What are Conflicts of Interest?
Conflicts of Interest are relationships that could influence the design, conduct, analysis, or reporting of the study.
107
What is a Target Population?
The Target Population is the broad population to which the results of a study should be applicable.
108
What is a Source Population?
The Source Population, or sampling frame, is a well-defined subset of individuals from the target population.
109
What is the purpose of protecting human subjects in research?
To ensure that the requirements for the protection of human subjects are met.
110
What is an Expedited Review?
A determination by an IRB that a proposal requires review but a review by the full committee is not required.
111
What are Conflicts of Interest?
A financial or other relationship that could influence the design, conduct, analysis, or reporting of the study, or could appear to have caused bias.
112
What is the Target Population?
The broad population to which the results of a study should be applicable.
113
What is a Source Population?
Also called a sampling frame, it is a well-defined subset of individuals from the target population from which potential study participants will be sampled.
114
What is a Sample Population?
Consists of the individuals from a source population who are invited to participate in the research project.
115
What is a Study Population?
Comprises the eligible members of the sample population who consent to participate in the study and complete required study activities.
116
What is Sampling Bias?
Occurs when the individuals sampled for a study systematically are not representative of the source population as a whole.
117
What is Selection Bias?
Occurs when the members of the study population are not representative of the source population from which they were drawn.
118
What is Nonresponse Bias?
If the members of a sample population who agree to participate in a study are systematically different from nonparticipants.
119
What is Probability Sampling?
To ensure that all members of a source population have an equal likelihood of being invited to participate in a research study. Examples include random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.
120
What is Purposive Sampling?
A non-probability-based sampling method that recruits participants for a qualitative study based on the special insights they can provide.
121
What is a Likert scale?
Presents ordered responses to a questionnaire item that asks participants to rank preferences numerically, such as 1 indicating strongly disagree and 5 indicating strongly agree.
122
What is Reliability in research?
Reliability is demonstrated when consistent answers are given to similar questions and when an assessment yields the same outcome when repeated several times.
123
What are the types of Reliability?
Internal consistency, test-retest, inter-rater agreement (Cohen’s kappa).
124
What is Validity?
Established when the responses or measurements are shown to be correct.
125
What are the types of Validity?
Content validity, face validity, construct validity, convergent validity, criterion validity, concurrent validity, predictive validity.
126
What is a Pilot Test?
A small-scale preliminary study conducted to evaluate the feasibility of a full-scale research project.
127
What is Interviewer Bias?
A form of information bias that occurs when interviewers systematically question cases and controls or exposed and unexposed members of a study population differently.
128
What is a Self-administered Survey?
Uses a questionnaire form that participants complete by themselves, using either a paper-pencil version or an online version of the survey instrument.
129
What is Survey Participation Rate?
The percentage of individuals who completed your survey out of the total number of individuals that the survey was sent out to.
130
What are In-depth Interviews?
A qualitative data gathering technique in which an interviewer spends 1 or 2 hours interviewing a key informant using open-ended questions.
131
What is a Focus Group?
A qualitative data gathering technique in which approximately 8 to 10 people spend 1 or 2 hours participating in a moderated discussion.
132
What is the Think-aloud protocol?
Participants are asked to describe their thoughts and actions while they complete a task.
133
What is the Delphi Method?
A structured decision-making and forecasting process in which experts complete questionnaires, a facilitator summarizes and shares the responses, and panelists reconsider their perspectives after reflecting on the opinions expressed by others.
134
What is Triangulation?
The process of using multiple different types of data, methods, and theories to better understand a phenomenon.
135
What is Anthropometry?
The measurement of the human body, often used in studies of nutritional status.
136
What are Vital Signs?
Physiological measurements that provide clinical data about an individual's essential body functions.
137
What is Lab Analysis?
Qualitative laboratory tests seek to confirm the presence or absence of disease, while quantitative laboratory tests seek to measure amounts (such as counts of blood cells or the titers for antibody tests).
138
What is Kinesiology?
The study of the mechanics, physiology, and psychology of body movement, function, and performance.
139
What is Medical Imaging?
Used to visualize parts of the human body.
140
What are Secondary Analyses?
A study in which a researcher analyzes data collected by another entity.
141
What is HIPAA?
A set of regulations about patient protection that must be carefully followed.
142
What is Health Informatics?
The application of advanced techniques from information science and computer science to the compilation and analysis of health data.
143
What is Bioinformatics?
The use of computer technologies to manage biological data, often focusing on the analysis of molecular-level data.
144
What is an Electronic Medical Record (EMR)?
A digital version of a patient’s medical history and other details recorded at one healthcare provider’s office.
145
What is an Electronic Health Record (EHR)?
A digital version of a patient’s health data that is designed to be shared among different healthcare providers.
146
What is a Systematic Review?
The careful compilation and summary of all publications relevant to a particular research topic.
147
What is a Meta-analysis?
Creates a summary statistic for the results of systematically identified articles.
148
What is Publication Bias?
Occurs when articles with statistically significant results are more likely to be published than those with null results.
149
What is Effect Size?
The magnitude of the difference in the value of a statistic in independent populations, important for determining whether a statistically significant difference is meaningful.
150
What is a Proposal?
A written request for approval of or funding for a research project.
151
What are the purposes of a Proposal?
To seek approval for a project from a supervisor or a review panel and to apply for grant funding.
152
What are the components of a Proposal?
Abstract, background, overall research goal and specific aims, research plan or project narrative, dissemination plan, timeline, budget with justification, and details about the researchers.
153
What is a Biosketch?
A brief summary of the individual’s professional and educational accomplishments that follows a template from the funding agency.
154
What is a Codebook?
A guide written for a particular study that describes each variable and specifies how the collected data will be entered into a computer file.
155
What is Data Management?
The entire process of record keeping before, during, and after a research study, including extracting data from patient charts, logging survey responses, recording clinical assessment results, or tracking eligible articles in a systematic review.
156
What is Data Security?
The process of protecting computer files with passwords and other mechanisms for restricting unauthorized access and use.
157
What is Protected Health Information (PHI)?
Any information about an individual's health history or health status that by law must be kept confidential.
158
What are the Types of Variables?
Ratio variable, interval variable, ordinal variable, nominal variable, binomial variable, continuous variable, discrete variable.
159
What are the methods for Displaying Distribution?
Histogram, boxplot, bar chart, pie chart.
160
What is Normal Distribution?
A histogram of the data will show a bell-shaped curve with one peak in the middle.
161
What is Variability?
Describes the extent to which the values for a particular variable deviate from the average value of that variable in the dataset.
162
What is Central Tendency?
Measures of central tendency include the mean, median, and mode.
163
What are Descriptive Statistics?
Statistics that describe the basic characteristics of quantitative data, such as means and proportions.
164
What are Confidence Intervals?
Provide information about the expected value of a measure in a source population based on the value of that measure in a study population.
165
What is Statistical Honesty?
It requires avoiding fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism; conducting statistical analyses according to established standards that ensure the rigor and validity of results.
166
What is a Null Hypothesis?
A statement describing the expected results of a statistical test if there is no difference between two or more values being compared.
167
What is an Alternative Hypothesis?
A statement describing the expected results of a statistical test if there is truly a difference between two or more values being compared.
168
What is a Significance Level?
The p-value at which the null hypothesis is rejected.
169
What is Statistical Significance?
A test result is classified as having statistical significance if the p-value is less than the predetermined significant level, e.g., 0.05 or 0.01.
170
What is a Parametric Test?
Assumes normal or approximately normal distribution and equal or similar variances in the population groups being compared, typically used for ratio and interval variables with relatively normal distributions.
171
What is a Non-parametric Test?
Does not make assumptions about the distributions of the variables, typically used for ranked or categorical variables and also for ratio or interval variables with non-normal distribution.
172
What is Test Selection?
Select appropriate tests based on the research questions and types of variables being analyzed.
173
What is Causal Analysis?
The presence of a statistical association between two or more variables is not proof of a causal relationship.
174
What is a Confounder?
A third variable that is associated with both the exposure variable and the outcome variable and distorts the apparent relationship between exposure and outcome.
175
What is a Predictor Variable?
Independent variable.
176
What is an Outcome Variable?
Dependent variable.
177
What are the purposes of Qualitative Research?
To understand the ways that people find meaning in their experiences and to develop themes and theories that explain phenomena.
178
What is Constant Comparison?
A process in which qualitative data are collected and analyzed simultaneously, rather than waiting to begin analysis after all data has been gathered.
179
What is Content Analysis?
The process of categorizing textual data.
180
What is Narrative Analysis?
A qualitative analysis method that seeks to understand personal stories.
181
What is Discourse Analysis?
Uses the tools of linguistics to evaluate the ordinary use of written and spoken language.
182
What are the Quality Assurance measures for Qualitative Analysis?
Credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.
183
What is a Poster Presentation?
A designated time during a conference when selected researchers display printed placards and are expected to be available to talk about their posters with other attendees.
184
What is an Oral Presentation?
Involves delivering a prepared presentation and then participating in a questions and answer period with the audience and other panelists.
185
What are the Key Content/Elements For Manuscripts?
Abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references, tables, and figures.
186
What are Formal Resources?
Scholarly works that were critically reviewed before being disseminated by a publishing group in a format that includes details such as author names, the name of the publisher, and the publication date.
187
What are Informal Resources?
Webpages, factsheets, blogs, podcasts, and other types of information that are not peer-reviewed and formally published should almost never be cited in formal research reports.
188
What are the Citation Styles?
APA, AMA.
189
What is a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)?
An alphanumeric code assigned to a document by a registration body to allow quick online access to the document or its abstract.
190
What are the Reasons To Publish?
Scientific dialogue, critical feedback, respect for participants and collaborators, and personal benefits.
191
What are the Signs of Journal Quality?
Figure 40-2.
192
What is an Impact Factor?
An annual determination by the Clarivate Analytics company about the average number of times an article published in a particular journal is cited by other articles during its first 2 years after publication.
193
What is a Double-blind Peer-review Process?
One in which the reviewers do not know the identity of the authors and the authors do not learn the identity of the reviewers.
194
What is Data Sharing?
The willingness of a research team to make their data and methods freely available to other researchers.
195
What is an Open-access Journal?
A journal that mandates that authors pay a publication fee before their manuscripts are published.
