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RVT - Tissues of the body > RVT - The Amazing Cell > Flashcards

RVT - The Amazing Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What organelle is responsible for free radical detoxification?

A

Peroxisome

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2
Q

Name the threadlike structures in the nucleus that contain genetic material?

A

Chromatin

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3
Q

Attached to the membrane systems or scattered in the cytoplasm: the site for protein synthesis….

A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

Membranous system consisting of flattened sacs and vesicles: packages proteins for export…..

A

Golgi Apparatus

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5
Q

What organelle is known as the powerstation of the cell?

A

Mitochondria

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6
Q

What organelles are responsible for joining amino acids together to make proteins?

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

What organs of the body would have cells with large numbers of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Testes, Ovaries, sebaceous glands

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8
Q

Hepatocytes would have large numbers of what organelle?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

In what organelle is oxygen reduced and broken down into water?

A

Mitochondria

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10
Q

Muscle cells need lots of energy, what organelles would be plentiful in these cells?

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

What organelle is responsible for cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

In what organelle are proteins made, modified and transported?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

In what organelle would steroids be held and stored?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

What is the importance of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

It supports the cell and gives it rigidity

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15
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell missing that the eukaryotic cell has?

A

A nucleus

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16
Q

How are chromosomes formed?

A

Protein and DNA combine to form chromosomes

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17
Q

What do integral proteins do?

A

Channel molecules across the cell membrane

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18
Q

What are hydrophilic heads made of?

A

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and phosphates

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19
Q

Are hydrophilic parts of the plasma membrane repelled or attracted to water

A

Attracted to water

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20
Q

Are hydrophobic parts of the plasma membrane repelled or attracted to water?

A

Repelled by water

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21
Q

Which cell organelles make lysosomes?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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22
Q

At which stage of the cell cycle is DNA formed?

A

Synthetic phase

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23
Q

What organelle is known as ‘the garbage collector?’

A

Lysosome

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24
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

Nucleolus

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25
Q

What part of an anima cell can only be seen under the electron microscope?

A

Mitochondria

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26
Q

The 2 main components of an animal cell membrane are….

A

Fat and proteins

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27
Q

Cytokinesis takes place after what mitotic phase?

A

Telophase

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28
Q

What kills most cells?

A

Build up of hydrogen when free radicals build up and peroxisomes can’t keep up.

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29
Q

What are 3 subdivisions of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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30
Q

What is the difference between a vesicle and a coated vesicle

A

Vesicle enters cell through pino or phago……Coated vesicle enters through receptor- mediated endocytosis

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31
Q

What is the importance of the ‘S’ phase of the cell cycle?

A

That is when DNA is formed

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32
Q

What are the 4 methods of passive transport?

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Dialysis

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33
Q

If a, substance is passing from a low to high concentration, what mode of transport would be necessary?

A

Active transport

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34
Q

If a substance is passing from a high to a low concentration, what mode of transport would be required?

A

Passive transport

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35
Q

What molecule is associated with osmosis?

A

Water

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36
Q

What type of transport is important for removing molecules such as glucose, amino acids and sodium out of urine?

A

Active transport

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37
Q

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

Endo - into cell

Exo - out of cell

38
Q

Once endocytosis allows large particles into the cell, what organelle is responsible for breaking it down into smaller particles?

A

Lysosome

39
Q

What affect does a hypotonic solution have on a RBC?

A

Causes it to swell

40
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

The bursting of an RBC

41
Q

What affect does a hypertonic solution have on an RBC?

A

Causes the cell to shrink - crenation

42
Q

What affect does an isotonic solution have on an RBC?

A

No net movement of water = normal saline

43
Q

What organelle is considered the ‘suicide sac’ of the cell?

A

Lysosome : contains digestive enzymes

44
Q

Which organelle destroys hydrogen peroxide and converts it into H2O and O2

A

Peroxisome

45
Q

In what organ of the body may we find cells with large numbers of peroxisomes?

A

Liver

46
Q

What organelle provides the contractile element of the cell?

A

Microfilaments

47
Q

What tissue in the body would contain cells with a high number of microfilaments?

A

Muscle

48
Q

What organelle is two rod shaped bodies near the nucleus, associated with the formation of the mitotic spindle?

A

Centrioles

49
Q

Scattered throughout the cell: major site of ATP synthesis?

A

Mitochondria

50
Q

Slender extensions of the plasma membrane that extend its surface area?

A

Microvilli

51
Q

What are the 2 major periods of the life cycle of a cell?

A

Interphase: G1 /S/G2
Mitosis: Prophase/Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase

52
Q

What is the difference between excretion and secretion?

A

Excretion - the removal of waste products out of the cell

Secretion- Movement of manufactured products from inside of cell to outside of cell

53
Q

What is the difference between the pleura and the peritoneum?

A

The pleura lines the cavity of the thorax

The peritoneum lines the cavity of the abdomen

54
Q

What membrane that covers the organs themselves inside the thoracic and abdominal cavities is called…..

A

Visceral layer

55
Q

Where are ribosomes manufactured in the cell?

A

Nucleolus

56
Q

Where is the parietal lining in the body?

A

Between the visceral layer that directly cover the organs and the pleura or peritoneum that lines the cavity

57
Q

Is diffusion an active or passive process and what molecules are most likely to diffuse?

A

Passive

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide

58
Q

How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion requires an integral protein or carrier protein from the bilayer of the cell membrane to transport a substance .

59
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of the microscopic structures of tissues and organs

60
Q

What cells replicate by meiosis?

A

Reproductive cells

61
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Nucleus at opposite ends of cell disintegrate
Centrioles form spindle fibers
Chromatin strands coil and condense to form chromosomes

62
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Individual chromosomes line up in the middle of cell and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes

63
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers to form a duplicate set of chromosomes
The cytoplasm constricts at the metaphyseal plate

64
Q

What happens in Telophase

A

Chromatin begins to unravel at the poles of the cell
A nuclear envelope appears
Cleavage furrow deepens

65
Q

What is does membrane potential refer to?

A

The number of negative and positive charges on the 2 sides of the membrane

66
Q

Membrane potential is determined by what 3 factors?

A
  • the concentration of the ions on the inside and outside of the cell
  • the permeability of the cell membrane to these ions
  • the activity of electrogenic pumps that maintain the ion concentrations across the membrane
67
Q

Cellular interactions with the environment are controlled by which region of the cell?

A

The plasma membrane

68
Q

Receptors in the cell’s surface tend to be made of…

A

Protein

69
Q

What membrane junction allows force to be passed from cell to cell without separation of or damage to, the cellular membranes

A

Desmosome

70
Q

What membrane junction contains hollow channels within them that allow ions to pass through from cell to cell?

A

Gap junctions

71
Q

What is the difference between a globular protein and a receptor protein when diffusing molecules through the plasma membrane?

A

Globular proteins form a tunnel that specific molecules can travel through. Receptor proteins bind to a molecule and change shape so that unbinding occurs on the opposite side of the membrane

72
Q

If a molecule needs a receptor protein to pass through a cell membrane, what kind of diffusion is this?

A

Facilitated diffusion

73
Q

When water moves from an area of more water to an area of less water, the process is called….

A

osmosis ( passive transport)

74
Q

______ is the passage of liquids and solutes through membranes due to differences in pressure, a process which is important in the kidney.

A

Filtration

75
Q

A difference in the number of positive and negative charges on the 2 sides of a membrane is called?

A

Membrane potential

76
Q

The 2 major ions responsible for the membrane potential in human cells are__________

A

Na and K

77
Q

What carbohydrate rich macromolecules in the cell membrane sense contact with other cells and with surfaces and adhere to other cells and surfaces?

A

Glycocalyx

78
Q

What is an inclusion?

A

Any particle seen in the cell’s cytoplasm seen with light microscopy.

79
Q

What organelle is responsible for calcium storage and release?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

80
Q

The organelles within the cell whose main functions are digestion and hydrolysis….

A

Lysosomes

81
Q

The organelles which isolate hazardous chemical reactions within the cell…….

A

Peroxisomes

82
Q

Cellular projections that allow the cell to move through the environment….formed by microtubules

A

Flagella, cilia, pseudopod

83
Q

Replication or division of the nucleus is called….

A

Telophase

84
Q

Non functioning organelles are broken down by what organelle?

A

Lysosome

85
Q

What mitotic phase begins when chromosome movement stops?

A

Telophase

86
Q

What is the shortest phase of mitosis?

A

Anaphase

87
Q

What is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and filtration?

A

Filtration is based on a pressure gradient. Liquids may be pushed through a membrane if the pressure on one side is greater than that on the other side. The force that pushes the liquid is called hydrostatic pressure.

88
Q

What is another name for hydrostatic pressure in the body?

A

Blood pressure

89
Q

How do electrolytes enter the cell?

A

Active transport without the assistance of a concentration gradient.

90
Q

What is the difference between a symport and antiport system?

A

Many active transport systems move more than one substance at a time. If all the substances are moving in the same direction it is called a symport system. How some are transported in one direction while others are transported in the opposite is called antiport.

RVT - Tissues of the body (2 decks)

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