What are the 4 main types of tissues?
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
What does Apical surface refer to?
Facing lumen or outside of body
What does Basal surface refer to?
Faces the Basal lamina and blood vessels
What are junctional complexes?
The lateral surface that connects cell to cell
What are the 4 main types of cell junction?
Tight
Desmosome
Gap
Adhering
What is the layer of protein on top
of skin called?
Keratinized
What is a tight junction and where in the
body might we find this junction?
Fusion of 2 cell membranes.
Found in the Bladder
What is a desmosome junction and where
in the body would we find this?
Mechanical coupling formed by filaments
that interlock. Found in tissues that repeatedly
stretch.
Skin Heart Uterus
What is a gap junction and where in the
body could it be found?
Tubular channel proteins that extend from
the cytoplasm of one cell to another.
Allows exchange of ions
Smooth muscle tissue heart epithelium
What is an adhering junction and where
in the body would it be found?
Found just below tight junctions,
Structurally provide mechanical strength
Epithelium tissues heart
What are hemidesmosomes?
They are junctions that allow a bit of stretching but adhere cell to base
Where are simple squamous epithelium found?
Lungs
Kidney glomerulus
Capillaries
Where are simple cuboidal epithelium
found?
Small excretory ducts
Lines kidney tubules
Ovaries
Where are simple columnar epithelium
found?
Stomach
Large and small Intestines
Where are stratified squamous cells
found?
Mouth
Esophagus
Skin
Where are stratified cuboidal
epithelium found?
Salivary glands
Where are stratified columnar
epithelium found?
Found in some parts of respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems.
Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?
Trachea
Where is transitional epithelium found?
Urinary Bladder
What glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream and lymphatic system?
Endocrine?
In the classification of exocrine glands, what does a simple duct refer to?
The main duct is unbranched
In the classification of exocrine glands, what does a compound duct refer to?
The main duct is branched
What are the 2 types of secretions produced by exocrine glands?
Serous
Mucous
Which exocrine gland secretion is composed of glycoproteins?
Mucous secretions
Which exocrine gland secretion is composed of a high concentration of enzymes?
Serous secretions
Are serous exocrine secretions watery or thick and viscous?
Watery
Which exocrine gland releases the entire contents of its cell?
Holocrine gland
the wHOLe thing
Which exocrine gland releases its secretions through exocytosis?
Merocrine gland
( a mere amount)
Which exocrine gland releases its secretions by releasing the top portion of the cell into the duct system?
Apocrine gland
APiece of the gland
Holocrine glands release what type of secretion?
Thick, viscous
Composed of glycoproteinss
Where in the body are simple tubular exocrine glands found?
Intestines
Where in the body are simple branched tubular exocrine glands found?
Tongue
Stomach
Where in the body are simple coiled tubular exocrine glands found?
Sweat glands
Where in the body are simple branched alveolar exocrine glands found?
Sebaceous glands
Where in the body are Compound tubular exocrine glands found?
Mucous glands in the mouth
Testes
Where in the body are compound tubuloalveolar exocrine glands found?
Pancreas
Glands of respiratory passages
Salivary glands of mouth
Where in the body are compound alveolar exocrine glands found?
Mammary glands
What are the 4 types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
What are the 2 subdivisions of connective tissue proper
Loose ( areolar, Adipose, Reticular)
Dense ( Regular, Irregular, Elastic)
What are the 3 loose connective tissues?
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Where in the body would we find areolar tissue?
Subcutaneous layer of skin
What is the predominate cell in areolar tissue?
Fibroblast
Where in the body would we find Adipose tissue?
Found under skin and around most organs
What is the predominate cell in adipose tissues?
Adipocytes
Where in the body would we find reticular tissues?
Bone Marrow
Around the liver, kidneys, spleen and lymph nodes
What is the predominate cell found in reticular tissue?
Reticular cells = a type of fibroblast
What are the 3 types of Dense connective tissue?
Regular
Irregular
Elastic
Do dense connective tissues heal quickly?
No. They are avascular so healing is slow.
Where in the body do we find dense regular connective tissue?
Tendons
Ligaments
Fascial sheets that cover muscles
What is the predominate cell in dense connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
Where in the body would we find Dense Irregular connective tissue?
Forms tough capsule of joints
Found in dermis of the skin
Fibrous coverings of many organs
Which connective tissue is composed primarily of collagen fibers arranged in thick bundles?
Dense irregular connective tissue
Which connective tissue is composed of tightly packed PARALLEL collagen fibers?
Dense regular connective tissue
Where in the body would we find elastic connective tissue?
Spaces between vertebrae
Areas of body that require stretching…walls of arteries, stomach, bladder, bronchi
What are the 3 types of Cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
What is the most common type of cartilage found in the body and where is it found?
Hyaline - End of long bones ( joints) Growth plates tracheal rings Where ribs connect to sternum
Where in the body would we find elastic cartilage?
Epiglottis of the larynx
Pinnae of the ears
Where in the body would we find fibrocartilage?
Between the discs of the vertebrae
meniscus of the knee join and TMJ
Is cartilage vascular?
Nope
Bone can be divided into 2 categories
Cortical bone - compact
Cancellous bone - spongy
What are the primary cells in bones?
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
What cell can become inactive but reactivate as needed?
Osteocyte
Are bones vascular or Avascular?
Vascular
Which bone cell digest the matrix?
Osteoclast
What substances make up the matrix of bones?
Organic collagen fibers
Inorganic calcium salts
What are the major matrix producing cells in cartilage?
Chondrocytes
In what connective tissue are the fibers tightly packed with very little ground substance present?
Dense connective tissue
What makes up the matrix of blood?
Ground substance - plasma
Fibrous component - protein
What 3 cells are present in blood?
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
What happens in the matrix of compact bone?
It becomes solidified/calcified
What % of the blood is made up of Plasma?
55% ( 90% of that is water)
What cell deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide?
Erythrocytes
What is the average life span of a RBC?
120 days
Which blood cell is responsible for releasing histamines?
Basophil
Which blood cell is not fully mature?
Monocyte
Which WBC is the most abundant making up 60-80% of wbc presence in the blood?
Neutrophil
Which blood cell have ‘B’ cells that contain antibodies to kill cells that contain bacteria?
Lymphocyte
Which sticky, non nucleated and irregularly shaped blood cell makes up 5-7% of our total blood volume?
Thrombocyte
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Where is smooth muscle found?
Make up walls of organs and blood vessels
Which muscle tissue is non striated in appearance?
Smooth muscle
Which muscle tissue is multi-nucleated?
Skeletal muscle
Which muscles work involuntarily?
Heart
Smooth muscle
What happens to the ‘z’ line when muscles contract?
Move closer together
What 2 things are muscle tissue made up of?
Myosin
Actin
What is the sarcomere?
A structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle
What happens to the sarcomere when the muscle relaxes?
The ‘z’ line moves out from the middle
What are the 3 primary parts of nervous tissue?
Perikaryon
Dendrites
Axon
What 2 cells are found in nervous tissue?
Neurons
neuroglia
What is the space between the axon called?
Synapse
What are the short cytoplasmic extensions that receive impulses in nervous tissue?
Dendrites
What are the long, single extensions that conduct impulses away from the cell body
Axons
Where is nervous tissue found in the body?
Brain
Spinal column
Peripheral nerves
What is the longest cell found in the body?
Neuron
What would cause an increase in temperature when inflammation occurs in a body?
Basophils releasing histamines
What affect can inflammation have on nervous tissue?
Heat can kill neurons
What does the presence of ‘pus’ indicate?
Dead wbc’s - when bacteria kills the wbc’s
What cells are found in liver tissues?
Hepatocytes
What cells are found lining the ‘Bowman’s capsule?’
Squamous epithelial cells
What are the nerve ‘helper’ cells?
Neuroglials
What is the difference between keratinized and non-keratinized epithelial tissue?
Keratinized epithelial cells are dead and lack a nucleus. Non- keratinized occur when surface epithelial cells are alive.
Which epithelial tissue consists of several layers of cells which separate an open space from a basal lamina? The surface cells are flat while the basal cells are rounded, square or tall.
Transitional epithelium
What cell/cells secrete a watery fluid?
Serous
What cell produces mucous?
Goblet cell
Most glands are multicellular. Only one important one is not…what cell is this?
Goblet cell
An exocrine gland whose ducts branch is called what?
Compounded
An exocrine gland whose secretory units are elongated is…..?
Tubular
Which exocrine gland cell ruptures, spilling its contents into the duct?
Holocrine
What fibrous proteins in connective tissues when stretched can snap back to their original shape?
Elastic
What is the epithelial membrane that encloses the entire body?
Cutaneous membrane
What are the membranes called that line the body cavities that are open to the exterior of the body?
Mucous membranes
What are the double-layered epithelial membranes that line the unexposed body cavities, preventing friction between organs?
Serous membranes
List 5 major functions of epithelium tissue and an example of each
Protection - skin covering body surface protects against bacterial infection
Absorption- Stomach and intestinal linings absorb nutrients
Filtration- In kidney tubules
Excretion - glands excrete sweat
Secretion- chemical enzymes releases into body
On what basis are epithelial tissues classified?
Number of layers
Cell shape
What MAJOR tissue type lines body cavities and covers the body’s external surfaces?
Epithelium
What Major tissue type pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body and allows one to swing a bat?
Muscle tissue
What major tissue type anchors, packages and supports body organs?
Connective tissue
What major tissue type has cells that may absorb, excrete and fliter?
Epithelial tissues
What major tissue type is most involved in regulating and controlling body functions?
Nervous tissue
What major tissue type synthesizes hormones?
Epithelial tissue
What major tissue type is the most durable tissue type?
Connective tissue
What major tissue type is abundant with non-living extracellular matrix?
Connective tissue
What major tissue type is the most widespread tissue in the body?
Connective tissue
How does the function of stratified epithelium differ from the function of simple epithelium?
Simple is only one layer so it doesnt provide as much protection as stratified epithelium
Stratified epithelium are named by the cell shape on which surface of the epithelial membrane?
Apical
Where is ciliated epithelium found? What role does it play?
Can be found in the lining of the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract. Moves mucous and debris away from lung tissue
How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?
Endocrine glands are ductless and function to release hormones into the extracellular fluid.
Exocrine have ducts and they secrete through the ducts to an epithelail surface.
What epithelial cell type lines the esophogus?
Stratified squamous
What epithelial cells line the stomach?
Simple columnar
What epithelial cells line the colon?
Simple columnar
What epithelial cells line the alveolar lining of the lungs?
Simple squamous
What epithelial cells line the tubules of the kidneys?
Simple cuboidal
What epithelial cells make up the epidermis of the skin?
Stratified squamous
What epithelial cells line the bladder?
Transitional cells
What epithelial cells form the thin serous membranes?
Simple squamous
What are the general characteristics of connective tissue?
Rich supply of blood vessels
Composed of many cells
They have a great deal of non-cellular, non-living material between the cells of the connective tissue
What functions are performed by connective tissues?
Protection
Support
Binding of tissues to the body
What tissue connects bone to bone and muscles to bone?
Dense regular connective tissue
What connective tissue acts as a storage depot for fat?
Adipose
What tissue makes up the dermis of the skin?
Dense irregular connective tissue
What tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?
Dense fibrocartilage tissue
What tissue makes up the hip bone?
Osseus
What tissue composes basement membranes: a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix?
Areolar loose connective tissue
What tissue forms the larynx, the costal cartilage of the ribs and the embryonic skeleton?
Hyaline cartilage
What tissue provides a flexible framework for the external ear?
Elastic cartilage
What tissue is a firm structurally amorphous matrix invaded with fibers: appears glassy and smooth?
Hyaline cartilage
What tissue has a matrix hard owing to calcium salts: provides levers for muscles to act on?
Osseus
What tissue insulates against heat loss?
Adipose loose connective tissue
What tissue makes up the walls of the large arteries?
Elastic dense connective tissue
What cell has a ‘signet ring’ appearence?
Adipocyte
What 2 physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons, nerve cells?
Irritability
Conductivity
In what ways are neurons similar to other cells?
They contain a nucleus and the usual organelles
How are neurons different from other cells?
Their cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes
What muscle tissue is found attached to bone?
Skeletal muscle
What tissue allows you to redirect your eyes?
Skeletal muscle
What muscle tissue is found in the walls of the stomach, uterus and arteries?
Smooth muscle
What muscle tissue contains spindle shaped cells?
Smooth
What muscle tissue contains branching cylindrical cells?
Cardiac muscle
What muscle tissue contains long, nonbranching cylindrical cells?
Skeletal muscle
What muscle tissue has intercalated discs?
Cardiac muscle