S01 Poruchy vědomí

Question 1

What is the definition of consciousness?

Answer 1

Consciousness is the state of being aware of and able to think about one’s own existence, thoughts, and surroundings.

Question 2

True or False: Consciousness disorders only affect the ability to perceive external stimuli.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

List three types of consciousness disorders.

Answer 3

1. Coma 2. Vegetative state 3. Locked-in syndrome

Question 4

What is a coma?

Answer 4

A coma is a state of prolonged unconsciousness where a person is unresponsive to stimuli and cannot be awakened.

Question 5

Which consciousness disorder is characterized by wakefulness without awareness?

Answer 5

Vegetative state

Question 6

Fill in the blank: The _____ is a state in which a person is aware and can respond but is unable to move or communicate verbally due to paralysis.

Answer 6

Locked-in syndrome

Question 7

What is the Glasgow Coma Scale used for?

Answer 7

It is used to assess the level of consciousness in a person following a brain injury.

Question 8

True or False: Delirium is a form of consciousness disorder.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What are common causes of consciousness disorders?

Answer 9

Trauma, stroke, drug overdose, infections, and metabolic disturbances.

Question 10

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of consciousness disorder? A) Coma B) Psychosis C) Vegetative state D) Locked-in syndrome

Answer 10

B) Psychosis

Question 11

What is the primary difference between a coma and a vegetative state?

Answer 11

In a coma, there is no wakefulness or awareness, while in a vegetative state, there is wakefulness without awareness.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The _____ is a diagnostic tool used to measure the level of consciousness and neurological functioning.

Answer 12

Glasgow Coma Scale

Question 13

What is the prognosis for patients in a persistent vegetative state?

Answer 13

The prognosis can vary; some may recover consciousness, while others may remain in this state indefinitely.

Question 14

True or False: Patients with locked-in syndrome can communicate through eye movements.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What is the role of neuroimaging in diagnosing consciousness disorders?

Answer 15

Neuroimaging helps to identify underlying causes such as brain damage or structural abnormalities.

Question 16

Fill in the blank: _____ can be used to assess cognitive function in patients with consciousness disorders.

Answer 16

Neuropsychological testing

Question 17

What is the significance of the brainstem in consciousness?

Answer 17

The brainstem regulates vital functions and is essential for maintaining wakefulness and alertness.

Question 18

What is the primary goal of rehabilitation for patients with consciousness disorders?

Answer 18

To maximize recovery of function and improve quality of life.

Question 19

What is the term for a state where a patient shows signs of awareness but cannot communicate or move?

Answer 19

Locked-in syndrome

Question 20

Co je to delirium?

Answer 20

Delirium je přechodný závažný stav zmatenosti a desorientace fluktuující v čase.
(Život-ohrožující stav)

Question 21

Co je primární znak vegetativního stavu?

Answer 21

Přítomné cykly bdění-spánek na EEG bez klinických známek vědomí (odpovědí na podněty z okolí)

Question 22

What is a reflex?

Answer 22

A reflex is an automatic, involuntary response to a specific stimulus.

Question 23

True or False: Reflexes are always conscious actions.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

Fill in the blank: The __________ reflex is a response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious thought.

Answer 24

spinal

Question 25

What is the primary reflex that protects the body from harmful stimuli?

Answer 25

The withdrawal reflex.

Question 26

Which type of reflex involves the brain in its processing?

Answer 26

Cerebral reflex.

Question 27

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of reflex? A) Stretch reflex B) Withdrawal reflex C) Conscious reflex D) Crossed extensor reflex

Answer 27

C) Conscious reflex

Question 28

Short answer: Name one example of a cranial reflex.

Answer 28

Pupil reflex.

Question 29

True or False: All reflexes are present at birth.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

What type of reflex is responsible for maintaining posture?

Answer 30

Stretch reflex.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: The __________ reflex helps to maintain balance when one foot is lifted.

Answer 31

crossed extensor

Question 32

Multiple choice: Which reflex is triggered by a sudden stretch of a muscle? A) Withdrawal reflex B) Stretch reflex C) Tonic reflex D) Cranial reflex

Answer 32

B) Stretch reflex

Question 33

Short answer: What is the role of the patellar reflex?

Answer 33

To test the integrity of the spinal cord and the nervous system.

Question 34

True or False: Reflexes can be modified by learning.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What reflex is tested when a doctor taps below the kneecap?

Answer 35

Patellar reflex.

Question 36

Fill in the blank: The __________ reflex involves the contraction of the opposite limb to support balance.

Answer 36

crossed extensor

Question 37

Multiple choice: Which reflex is primarily involved in protecting the body from injury? A) Stretch reflex B) Withdrawal reflex C) Tonic reflex D) Babinski reflex

Answer 37

B) Withdrawal reflex

Question 38

Short answer: Describe the Babinski reflex.

Answer 38

A reflex where the big toe extends upward when the sole of the foot is stroked.

Question 39

True or False: Reflexes can occur without brain involvement.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

What is the role of the tonic reflex?

Answer 40

To maintain muscle tone and posture.

Question 41

Fill in the blank: The __________ reflex is characterized by an increase in heart rate due to stimuli.

Answer 41

autonomic

Question 42

Multiple choice: Which type of reflex is not typically present in adults? A) Withdrawal reflex B) Moro reflex C) Stretch reflex D) Blink reflex

Answer 42

B) Moro reflex

Question 43

Short answer: How do reflexes change from infancy to adulthood?

Answer 43

Some reflexes disappear, while others become more refined and coordinated.

Question 44

True or False: Reflexes always require a stimulus.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What type of reflex is involved in the knee-jerk response?

Answer 45

Stretch reflex.

Question 46

Fill in the blank: The __________ reflex occurs when the body reacts to a painful stimulus.

Answer 46

withdrawal

Question 47

Multiple choice: Which reflex is considered a protective mechanism? A) Stretch reflex B) Withdrawal reflex C) Tonic reflex D) Both A and B

Answer 47

D) Both A and B

Question 48

Short answer: What is the significance of reflex testing in a clinical setting?

Answer 48

To assess the functioning of the nervous system.