s10 - Genereal Anaesthesia

Question 1

What is craniomaxillofacial surgery?

Answer 1

Surgical procedures involving the mouth, jaws, face, neck, and skull.

Question 2

Name one type of surgery included in craniomaxillofacial surgery.

Answer 2

• Dentoalveolar Surgery
• Implant Surgery
• Corrective Jaw Surgery (Orthognathic Surgery)
• Pathology-Related Surgeries
• Reconstructive Surgery
• Congenital Malformations
• Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders
• Trauma Surgery

Question 3

What is the purpose of corrective jaw surgery?

Answer 3

To correct jaw deformities, facial asymmetry, or sleep apnea.

Question 4

What is osseointegrated dental implant surgery?

Answer 4

Surgery to insert dental implants for prostheses or bone-anchored devices.

Question 5

Name one condition treated by craniomaxillofacial surgery.

Answer 5

Cleft lip and palate.

Question 6

What is minimal sedation (anxiolysis)?

Answer 6

A minimally depressed level of consciousness where the patient can maintain an airway and respond to commands.

Question 7

What is the key difference between minimal and moderate sedation?

Answer 7

In moderate sedation, patients respond only and purposefully to verbal commands or light touch.

Question 8

What is deep sedation?

Answer 8

A drug-induced depression of consciousness where patients cannot be easily aroused but respond to painful stimuli.

Question 9

What is the main risk during deep sedation?

Answer 9

Impaired ability to maintain ventilatory function, requiring airway assistance.

Question 10

What is general anesthesia?

Answer 10

A drug-induced loss of consciousness where the patient is not arousable, even by painful stimulation.

Question 11

What is the primary concern during general anesthesia?

Answer 11

The patient’s ability to maintain ventilatory function is impaired.

Question 12

What is the cardiovascular status during deep sedation?

Answer 12

Cardiovascular function is usually maintained.

Question 13

What is the patient’s responsiveness during moderate sedation?

Answer 13

Purposeful response to verbal commands or light tactile stimulation.

Question 14

What is the primary goal of sedation in surgery?

Answer 14

To provide an optimal environment for completing the surgical procedure.

Question 15

Why is minimizing patient anxiety important during sedation?

Answer 15

To optimize patient comfort and cooperation.

Question 16

What is the role of sedation in controlling patient movement?

Answer 16

To control behavior and movement, ensuring patient cooperation.

Question 17

How does sedation optimize analgesia?

Answer 17

By minimizing pain during the procedure.

Question 18

What is the benefit of maximizing amnesia during sedation?

Answer 18

To prevent the patient from remembering the procedure.

Question 19

Why is hemodynamic stability important during sedation?

Answer 19

To ensure patient safety and prevent complications.

Question 20

What is the first step in general anesthesia?

Answer 20

Preoperative assessment.

Question 21

What is the purpose of preoperative assessment?

Answer 21

To evaluate the patient’s medical condition and minimize anesthesia risks.

Question 22

What is the induction phase of general anesthesia?

Answer 22

The administration of IV drugs to induce unconsciousness.

Question 23

What is the role of airway management during anesthesia?

Answer 23

To ensure the patient’s airway is open and protected.

Question 24

What is the maintenance phase of anesthesia?

Answer 24

The use of inhalational or IV agents to keep the patient unconscious.

Question 25

What is monitored during the maintenance phase?

Answer 25

Vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, CO2 levels).

Question 26

What is the emergence phase of anesthesia?

Answer 26

The gradual reduction of anesthetic agents to allow the patient to wake up.

Question 27

What is the purpose of a preanesthetic evaluation?

Answer 27

To assess the patient’s medical condition and optimize them for surgery.

Question 28

What is included in a patient’s medical history for preanesthetic evaluation?

Answer 28

Current problems, drug allergies, prior anesthesia exposure, and general health.

Question 29

What is the Mallampati score used for?

Answer 29

To predict the difficulty of intubation based on oropharyngeal visibility.

Question 30

What is a Class I Mallampati score?

Answer 30

Soft palate, uvula, fauces, and pillars are visible.

Question 31

What is a Class IV Mallampati score?

Answer 31

Only the hard palate is visible.

Question 32

What is thyromental distance used for?

Answer 32

To predict difficult airways; a shorter distance indicates higher risk.

Question 33

What is the normal thyromental distance?

Answer 33

6.5 cm or more.

Question 34

What is the purpose of fasting before anesthesia?

Answer 34

To reduce the risk of aspiration during surgery.

Question 35

How long should adults fast from clear fluids before anesthesia?

Answer 35

2-3 hours.

Question 36

What is the purpose of preoperative instructions?

Answer 36

To prepare the patient physically and psychologically for surgery.

Question 37

Question

Answer 37

Answer

Question 38

How long should a child under 6 months fast from clear fluids before anesthesia?

Answer 38

2 hours.

Question 39

How long should an adult fast from non-clear fluids/solids before anesthesia?

Answer 39

6 hours or overnight.

Question 40

Why is fasting important before anesthesia?

Answer 40

To prevent aspiration of stomach contents during surgery.

Question 41

What is the purpose of preoperative patient counseling?

Answer 41

To reduce anxiety and prepare the patient psychologically for surgery.

Question 42

What is the role of premedication before surgery?

Answer 42

To relieve anxiety, provide sedation, and prevent nausea and vomiting.

Question 43

Name one drug used for preoperative sedation.

Answer 43

Midazolam.

Question 44

What is the purpose of preoperative fasting instructions?

Answer 44

To ensure the patient’s stomach is empty, reducing the risk of aspiration.

Question 45

What is the role of preoperative drug therapy?

Answer 45

To manage pre-existing conditions and optimize the patient for surgery.

Question 46

Name one inhalational anesthetic gas.

Answer 46

Nitrous oxide.

Question 47

What is the primary use of sevoflurane?

Answer 47

As a volatile liquid for maintaining anesthesia.

Question 48

What is the main advantage of propofol as an IV anesthetic?

Answer 48

Rapid onset and short duration of action.

Question 49

What is the primary use of fentanyl in anesthesia?

Answer 49

To provide analgesia and sedation.

Question 50

What is the mechanism of action of succinylcholine?

Answer 50

It is a depolarizing muscle relaxant that causes muscle paralysis.

Question 51

What is the main side effect of opioids like morphine?

Answer 51

Respiratory depression.

Question 52

What is the primary use of ketamine in anesthesia?

Answer 52

To provide dissociative anesthesia and analgesia.

Question 53

What is the main advantage of using midazolam preoperatively?

Answer 53

It provides anxiolysis and amnesia.

Question 54

What is the primary use of atropine in anesthesia?

Answer 54

To reduce salivary secretions and prevent bradycardia.

Question 55

What is the main side effect of barbiturates like thiopental?

Answer 55

Cardiovascular and respiratory depression.

Question 56

What is the first step in the induction of anesthesia?

Answer 56

Pre-oxygenation with 100% oxygen.

Question 57

What is the primary method of inducing anesthesia?

Answer 57

Intravenous (IV) administration of anesthetic agents.

Question 58

What is the purpose of pre-oxygenation before induction?

Answer 58

To increase oxygen reserves and prevent hypoxia during apnea.

Question 59

What is the role of inhalational agents during induction?

Answer 59

To deepen anesthesia after IV induction.

Question 60

What is the primary goal of induction in anesthesia?

Answer 60

To rapidly achieve a state of unconsciousness.

Question 61

What is the primary purpose of airway management during anesthesia?

Answer 61

To ensure the patient’s airway is open and protected.

Question 62

What is the most common method of securing the airway during anesthesia?

Answer 62

Endotracheal intubation.

Question 63

What is the role of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA)?

Answer 63

To provide a secure airway without the need for intubation.

Question 64

What is the purpose of using an oropharyngeal airway?

Answer 64

To prevent the tongue from obstructing the airway in an unconscious patient.

Question 65

What is the primary risk of improper airway management?

Answer 65

Hypoxia due to inadequate ventilation.

Question 66

What is the role of capnography in airway management?

Answer 66

To monitor CO2 levels and ensure proper ventilation.

Question 67

What is the primary goal of maintaining anesthesia during surgery?

Answer 67

To keep the patient unconscious and pain-free throughout the procedure.

Question 68

What is the role of inhalational agents in maintaining anesthesia?

Answer 68

To provide a continuous state of unconsciousness.

Question 69

What is the role of IV drugs in maintaining anesthesia?

Answer 69

To supplement inhalational agents and provide analgesia or muscle relaxation.

Question 70

How does the anesthesiologist adjust anesthesia during surgery?

Answer 70

By monitoring vital signs and adjusting the depth of anesthesia as needed.

Question 71

What vital signs are continuously monitored during anesthesia?

Answer 71

Heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and CO2 levels.

Question 72

Why is monitoring CO2 levels important during anesthesia?

Answer 72

To ensure adequate ventilation and prevent hypercapnia.

Question 73

What is the purpose of monitoring oxygen saturation during anesthesia?

Answer 73

To ensure the patient is receiving enough oxygen.

Question 74

What is the role of blood pressure monitoring during anesthesia?

Answer 74

To detect and prevent hypotension or hypertension.

Question 75

What is the emergence phase of anesthesia?

Answer 75

The gradual reduction of anesthetic agents to allow the patient to wake up.

Question 76

What is the primary goal during the emergence phase?

Answer 76

To ensure a smooth and safe transition to consciousness.

Question 77

What is the role of the recovery area after surgery?

Answer 77

To monitor the patient for complications and provide pain management.

Question 78

What is the primary concern during postoperative care?

Answer 78

Ensuring the patient’s airway and vital signs are stable.

Question 79

What is the purpose of pain management after surgery?

Answer 79

To ensure patient comfort and facilitate recovery.

Question 80

What is the purpose of skin disinfection before surgery?

Answer 80

To reduce the risk of surgical site infections.

Question 81

What is the most common disinfectant used for skin preparation?

Answer 81

Chlorhexidine or povidone.

Question 82

What is the purpose of draping in the operating room?

Answer 82

To create a sterile field around the surgical site.

Question 83

What is the clean zone in the operating room?

Answer 83

The area where preoperative and recovery activities take place.

Question 84

What is the sterile zone in the operating room?

Answer 84

The area where the highest level of aseptic conditions is maintained.

Question 85

What is the protective zone in the operating room?

Answer 85

The area surrounding the clean zone, including dressing rooms and reception.

Question 86

What is the disposal zone in the operating room?

Answer 86

The area for decontamination and disposal of soiled instruments and waste.

Question 87

What is the purpose of scrubbing, gowning, and glowing before surgery?

Answer 87

To maintain aseptic conditions and prevent infections.

Question 88

What is the primary purpose of handling surgical instruments correctly?

Answer 88

To ensure precision and safety during surgical procedures.

Question 89

What is the role of a scalpel in surgery?

Answer 89

To make incisions in tissue.

Question 90

What is the purpose of forceps in surgery?

Answer 90

To grasp and hold tissues or objects during surgery.