S2 Final Vocab Flashcards
(51 cards)
Neolithic Revolution
Change from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled village.
Domestication of animals and agriculture
Neo (new) lithic (rocks) = tools
Tracked through tools
12,000 ya (Pleistocene to Holocene)
First in Fertile Crescent (near Egypt w/ rivers and seas)
Monocropping
Growing 1 crop
Depletes soil of nutrients and risks disease wiping out species
Typically GMO’d
Ex. Corn, wheat, soybeans
Deforestation
Loss of forest to agricultural land
Desertification
Soil deteriorates to desert-like condition
Often bc of livestock
Ex. 1/3 farmland in India is affected
Salinization
Water evaporates faster than water replenishes by rain or irrigations
Causes concentration of salt in soil
Harder for plants to grow/extract adequate water)
Subsistence vs commercial farming
Subsistence = gov support for small scale farms
Subsistence:
eco friendly, less shippping and machines (means less pesticides)
Not wasteful
Healthier
Bad season = food insecurity
Time-consuming w/o income
Less food variety = less vitamins ( just local food)
Not diverse/cultural exposure
Expensive
commercial:
Helps people in places where can’t farm themselves
Provides jobs
Feeds many
Less $
Fast, easy
More access
Diverse foods (non-seasonal)
GMO??
Environment. Concern (pesti. Shipping, mechs)
Unethical labor practices
Unhealthy
Class access
Food waste
Crop rotation
switching crops
Resting land is another option too
Debt-for-Nature-Swaps
International lending agency agree to forgive portion of a country’s debt if they invest in nature conservation measures
Genetically-Modified Organisms (GMOs) Biotechnology
JUST READ NOTES
GMO:
Genetic code manipulated
Used for centuries through selective breeding
Ex. High yield seeds made during green rev. in mid 20th-century by breeding
Biotechnology:
Science of altering living organism for specific purpose, like crop resisting pest
GM is broad field, all types of gen manip of foods
Cons of GM:
-more pesti, fertilizer, and herbi bc when plants are pest resistance, but pest developes resistance, more chems needed for pests and original.
-genes could transfer to weeds, so now they are also resistant = more chems
-decrease in soil fertility with increase in food production. More ferti used to help. Ferti build up, decreased fert and affects surrounding. Carries chem into water and toxic environment.
GE:
-modern biotech supports gen engineering (GE) (specific genes transferred one organism to other
-Ex. Brazil used biotech and is now one of largest foood exporters
Pro: more crops that are drought and disease and pest resistance. Could improve nutritional value. More affordable
Con: long term effectes unknown. GE banned in much of Europe
Agricultural Biodiversity Aquaculture
FISH FARMING W/ LESSS SPACE
Consistent seafood
Fleets demands
+jobs
Algae as fuel to replace fossil and decreased E costs
Increase in water quality
Decrease on pressure on wild stocks
Water pollu from chem and Excess nutrients of fish waste
Antibiotic for disease = neg envi impact
Possible compromise of native gene pools if they interbreed (native and farmed)
Amplifies diseases and parasites to wild pops
Precision Agriculture
Tech to apply inputs like water and fertilizer w/ accuracy to needed spots to max yield
Drones use GIS
Decrease in waste = preserve envi
Detects disease early & Estimates crop yield
Support winter conservation
Decrease in fertility
$$$
Could be bad interface
Complex bc of weather
Organic Farming
Uses natural fertilizers
-plant based or animal manure
Long term soil health
Prevents dang. runoff and contamination
Crop rotation -> manage weeds, insects, disease
Focus on biodiversity in agri system and surround envi (strive for sustainability)
Some argue GMO is fine so organic is unnecessary
Ex. Europe has largest % organic farming land
Industrial Revolution
Mid-1800s
Farm tech inventions, railroads distribute food = more production
Green Revolution
Starts after WWII 1940s
During Cold War (cap & dem v. commu) don’t want others to be communist & side w/ Soviet Union. USAID send food suppplies, opens up US market (both ways) and US doesn’t have to grow all food
1) birth rates increase (baby boom)
2) truffle to feed pop
3) start using engineered seeds in Mexico
4) in 60’s and 70’s in Asia
Must be adapted to envi
Not violent transfer of tech that resulted in increased crop yield.
Ex. India pop increase bc of rice increase
Baby boom->GMO seeds->commercial farming->more tech = irrigation systems, dams, new fertilizer and pesticides
Part of US state departments, hunger=communism (want to avoid communism)
Funded by Rockefeller and Ford
Pros:
-hunger is curable
-global cooperation
-increase food production and cost effective
Cons:
-food must be repurchased every season, typically in contract
-not sustainable, now population is greater
-hatred envi, increase in water needs
-decrease biodiversity (monocropping)
-quality vs quantity
Cold War
Tensions from end of WWII - 90’s
1988 Agriculture in U.S. Food sovereignty
Before 1988, some states cold require women to obtain signature from male relative to get business loan.
Food Soverignty = the right of people to healthy and culturally appropriate food procured through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems.
Agritourism
Agricultural production/processing with tourism
Ex. Pumpkin patch, petting zoo, etc
Feminism
Belief in social, economic, and political equality of all people
-probably focused on women and white people in 1800s
-evolved over time
Seneca falls convention considered birth place
1st Wave Feminism
Mid-1800s - 1920
->focused on getting right to vote
Event= 19th amendment (1920) - right to vote for all women (some voter suppression laws still)
-crit. Middle-class white women. There were also POC, so don’t discount
-priests, chain themselves to president’s gats, fasting in jails
-paying fees to vote, literacy test to prevent WoC
Industrial Revolution/Victorian Era Urbanization
Leaving farms for industrial jobs in cities -> pop. Growth and crowded conditions
-fear of disease
-resource strain
-fear people from different genders and classes (upper and working) meeting and mixing
Women occupy more public and financially independence role previously only occupied by men
-fear of women being outside and walking alone
People have “moral panic”
-fear around sex work, classes mixing, roles changing
Great Migration
Civil war ends 1985
Many freed people go Northern cites (More jobs and freedom and less prejudice)
Adds to moral panic of politicians and upper white class (races mixing)
Middle class women enjoyed walking around in city along. Enjoyed biking (pants). Felt safer than alone on country lane.
Leslie Kerns
Wrote “Feminist City”
Women stick out when pregnant, everything is but for men
Suburbs i
“Public Woman”
Moral/class/poverty to blame on her
Urban Planning Field
2nd Wave Feminism
60-70s
Inspired by civil rights movement; focus on equal pay act and reproductive rights
Reevaluation of gender roles
Women’s liberation form societal expectations
Events: Equal pay act, roe v wade, proposed equal rights amendment
Feminist geography emerges
Protests, sit-ins, strikes, chaining self to things
Too either house wife or feminist, rejection of femininity
Centered white women
