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SA1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the need for a transport system

A

A transport system ensures that nutrients oxygen and waste products reach or are removed from all parts of the body efficiently especially in multicellular organisms

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2
Q

What are the components of human transport system

A

The human transport system consists of the heart blood and blood vessels which work together to circulate substances throughout the body

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3
Q

What is plasma

A

Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries nutrients hormones waste products and gases like carbon dioxide

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4
Q

What is the function of red blood cells

A

Red blood cells carry oxygen using the pigment haemoglobin which binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues

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5
Q

What is the function of white blood cells

A

White blood cells are immune cells that protect the body by detecting and destroying harmful pathogens

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6
Q

What is the function of platelets

A

Platelets are small blood components that help form blood clots at injury sites to prevent blood loss

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7
Q

What are arteries

A

Arteries are thick-walled elastic vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure

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8
Q

Why do arteries have thick elastic walls

A

They must withstand and maintain the high pressure of blood pumped directly from the heart

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9
Q

Do all arteries carry oxygenated blood

A

No the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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10
Q

What are veins

A

Veins are thin-walled vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart under lower pressure

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11
Q

What helps veins push blood back to the heart

A

Valves inside veins prevent backflow and muscle movements help push the blood upward

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12
Q

Do all veins carry deoxygenated blood

A

No the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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13
Q

What are capillaries

A

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels with walls one cell thick allowing exchange of gases nutrients and wastes with tissues

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14
Q

What happens at capillaries

A

Oxygen and nutrients pass from blood to cells while carbon dioxide and wastes move from cells into the blood

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15
Q

Why is the capillary network dense in tissues

A

A dense network ensures every cell is close to a blood supply for efficient exchange of substances

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16
Q

How are capillaries connected in the circulatory system

A

Arteries branch into capillaries which later merge into veins creating a continuous circulatory loop

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17
Q

What is lymph

A

Lymph is a clear fluid formed from leaked plasma that helps remove waste transports fats and supports immune responses

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18
Q

How is lymph formed

A

Plasma seeps out of capillaries into intercellular spaces forming lymph which is then collected into lymphatic vessels

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19
Q

What are lymph vessels

A

These are thin-walled tubes that collect lymph from tissues and eventually return it to the bloodstream

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20
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and contain white blood cells to destroy harmful microorganisms

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21
Q

How does lymph help in immunity

A

Lymph passes through lymph nodes where pathogens are detected and destroyed by immune cells

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22
Q

How does lymph return to the blood

A

Lymphatic vessels carry lymph toward large veins near the heart where it rejoins the bloodstream

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23
Q

How does the lymphatic system assist in transport

A

It returns excess fluid to the bloodstream and transports fats from the intestines to the blood

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24
Q

Why is lymph important for tissue health

A

It maintains fluid balance cleans up cellular debris and transports immune cells

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25
What are lacteals
Lacteals are specialized lymph vessels in the villi of the small intestine that absorb and transport digested fats
26
How is the lymphatic system different from blood vessels
Lymph vessels are open-ended carry lymph in one direction only and are not connected to the heart like blood vessels
27
What is excretion
Excretion is the biological process by which an organism removes harmful metabolic waste substances from its body
28
What is the human excretory organ
The main excretory organs in humans are the kidneys which filter waste from blood and produce urine
29
What are the parts of human excretory system
It includes two kidneys two ureters one urinary bladder and one urethra for the passage and removal of urine
30
What is a nephron
A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration of blood and formation of urine
31
What is the role of glomerulus
Glomerulus is a network of capillaries that filters blood under pressure into the Bowman’s capsule
32
What is Bowman’s capsule
It is a cup-shaped structure that collects the filtrate from the glomerulus and begins urine formation
33
What substances are reabsorbed in nephron
Useful substances like glucose amino acids water and some salts are reabsorbed back into the blood
34
What is urine
Urine is a liquid waste product composed of excess water urea salts and other metabolic waste filtered from the blood
35
How does urine travel to the bladder
Urine formed in the kidneys flows through the ureters to the urinary bladder for storage
36
What regulates urine release
The muscular urinary bladder stores urine and its release is controlled voluntarily by the anal sphincter and nervous system
37
What is dialysis
Dialysis is a medical process that removes waste products from blood using a machine when the kidneys fail to function
38
What is an artificial kidney
An artificial kidney is a dialysis machine that filters urea and other wastes from the patient’s blood
39
How much urine is formed daily
Around 1 to 2 litres of urine are excreted per day by a healthy adult
40
How much initial filtrate is produced daily
The kidneys initially filter about 180 litres of blood plasma daily most of which is reabsorbed
41
What is excretion in Amoeba
Amoeba excretes waste by simple diffusion of gases and other soluble materials directly through its cell membrane
42
How do plants excrete oxygen
Plants release excess oxygen produced during photosynthesis through their stomata
43
How do plants get rid of excess water
Plants lose extra water through transpiration mainly via stomata
44
How do plants store waste
Plants often store waste products in cell vacuoles resins or latex that do not harm them
45
Where are plant wastes also stored
Wastes may be stored in leaves bark or fruit that eventually fall off
46
What substances are excreted into soil by plants
Some plant roots secrete waste chemicals and secondary metabolites directly into the surrounding soil
47
What is nutrition
Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain and utilize food materials for energy growth repair and maintenance of life processes
48
What are the two main modes of nutrition
The two main modes are autotrophic where organisms produce their own food and heterotrophic where they depend on other organisms for food
49
What is autotrophic nutrition
A mode of nutrition in which organisms like green plants use sunlight carbon dioxide and water to prepare food through photosynthesis
50
Which organisms show autotrophic nutrition
Organisms such as green plants blue-green algae and some bacteria exhibit autotrophic nutrition
51
What is heterotrophic nutrition
Heterotrophic nutrition involves organisms consuming complex organic substances made by autotrophs for their survival
52
Which organisms show heterotrophic nutrition
Animals fungi and some parasitic plants like cuscuta are heterotrophs
53
What are the raw materials for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil are the main raw materials used in photosynthesis
54
What is the role of sunlight in photosynthesis
Sunlight provides energy that is absorbed by chlorophyll and used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
55
What is the function of chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a green pigment in plant cells that captures sunlight and drives the photosynthetic reaction
56
Where does gaseous exchange occur in plants
Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through small pores called stomata present mainly on the underside of leaves
57
What controls stomatal opening and closing
The size of the stomatal opening is controlled by guard cells which swell with water to open and shrink to close the pore
58
What is the first step of photosynthesis
Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs sunlight during the first step of photosynthesis
59
What is the second step of photosynthesis
The absorbed light energy splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen in a process called photolysis
60
What is the third step of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide is reduced using hydrogen to form carbohydrates like glucose
61
How is nitrogen absorbed by plants
Plants absorb nitrogen in the form of nitrates or ammonium ions from the soil to make proteins and nucleic acids
62
What is parasitic nutrition
Parasitic nutrition is a type of heterotrophic nutrition in which an organism derives nutrients from a host organism without killing it
63
How does Amoeba ingest food
Amoeba forms temporary projections called pseudopodia around food particles to engulf them into a food vacuole
64
What happens inside a food vacuole
Digestive enzymes break down the food into simpler substances which diffuse into the cytoplasm for use
65
What is the function of digestive enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the breakdown of large food molecules into simpler absorbable forms
66
How does Paramoecium ingest food
Paramoecium uses cilia to direct food into an oral groove where it is ingested and enclosed in a food vacuole
67
What are the main parts of a leaf involved in photosynthesis
These include the broad leaf blade veins stomata and the mesophyll cells containing chloroplasts
68
What is the function of the leaf blade
The flat surface of the leaf blade maximizes the area for capturing sunlight for photosynthesis
69
What are veins in a leaf
Leaf veins are vascular bundles consisting of xylem and phloem that transport water minerals and food
70
What is the function of xylem in leaf veins
Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the photosynthetic cells in the leaf
71
What is the function of phloem in leaf veins
Phloem transports the sugars produced in photosynthesis from the leaf to other parts of the plant
72
What are stomata
Stomata are microscopic openings on leaf surfaces that allow the exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide
73
How do stomata help in photosynthesis
They allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf and oxygen to exit which are crucial for photosynthesis
74
What is the role of guard cells in stomata
Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata to balance gas exchange and water loss
75
Where is chlorophyll found in the leaf
Chlorophyll is located inside chloroplasts within mesophyll cells of the leaf
76
What is the mesophyll
The mesophyll is the inner tissue of the leaf where most of the chloroplasts are located and where photosynthesis actively occurs
77
What is respiration
Respiration is the process by which organisms release energy from food through chemical reactions to power cellular functions
78
What is aerobic respiration
It is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release carbon dioxide water and a large amount of energy
79
What is anaerobic respiration
A type of respiration that occurs without oxygen and produces less energy along with by-products like alcohol or lactic acid
80
What are the products of aerobic respiration
Carbon dioxide water and ATP are produced during aerobic respiration
81
What are the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast
Anaerobic respiration in yeast produces ethanol carbon dioxide and small amounts of energy
82
Where does glycolysis occur
Glycolysis the first step of respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and breaks glucose into pyruvate
83
What is pyruvate
Pyruvate is a three-carbon compound produced by glycolysis from one molecule of glucose
84
Where does aerobic breakdown of pyruvate occur
Pyruvate is broken down inside the mitochondria during aerobic respiration
85
What is formed when pyruvate breaks down aerobically
It forms carbon dioxide water and ATP which provides usable energy to the cell
86
What is formed during anaerobic respiration in muscles
Pyruvate converts into lactic acid due to lack of oxygen causing muscle fatigue and cramps
87
What causes muscle cramps
Accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissues due to anaerobic respiration causes cramps
88
What is ATP
Adenosine triphosphate is an energy-storing molecule used to drive various endothermic cellular reactions
89
How is ATP formed
ATP is formed by adding a phosphate group to ADP using the energy released during respiration
90
How is oxygen transported in humans
Oxygen is carried from the lungs to body tissues by haemoglobin in red blood cells
91
How is carbon dioxide transported in humans
Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in dissolved form in plasma and as bicarbonates in the blood
92
What structures allow gas exchange in plants
Gases diffuse through stomata and the intercellular spaces of leaves stems and roots
93
What is the human respiratory organ
Lungs are the primary respiratory organs in humans responsible for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal
94
What are alveoli
Alveoli are tiny balloon-like structures in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs with blood capillaries
95
How is air taken into lungs
Air is drawn in when the diaphragm contracts and the rib cage expands increasing chest cavity volume
96
Why do aquatic animals breathe faster
Water contains less dissolved oxygen than air so aquatic animals like fish must breathe more rapidly to obtain enough oxygen

Biology (2 decks)

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