sac 1 (visual)

Question 1

sensation

Answer 1

The process by which our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to a sensory stimulus (raw sensory data which is sent to the brain).

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

the process where we process and give meaning or understanding to sensory information.

Question 3

distinguish sensation and perception

Answer 3

Distinguished for the purpose of studying, however there is no clear boundary between the two

Question 4

6 stages of sensation and perception

Answer 4

Reception
Transduction
Transmission
Selection
Organisation
Interpretation

Question 5

reception

Answer 5

the detection and response to sensory information on the body

Question 6

transduction

Answer 6

process by which energy from the sensory information is converted into a form electro chemical energy that can travel along neural pathways.

Question 7

transmission

Answer 7

process of sending sensory data to the relevant areas of the brain via the thalamus.

Question 8

selection

Answer 8

acts like a filter of sensory information enabling selection of only what is relevant.

Question 9

organisation

Answer 9

regrouping together the individual components of sensory information that we have selected and recognises the image so that we are presented with meaningful information.

Question 10

interpretation

Answer 10

sensory information is given meaning

Question 11

photoreceptor and their purposes

Answer 11

Rods - used for conditions with low light, only registers black and white
Cones - used for conditions with highlight, can see all visible colours

Question 12

The eye

Answer 12

iris 
pupil 
lens 
cornea 
retina 
optic nerve
ciliary muscle
blind spot
aqueous humor
vitreous humor

Question 13

Gestalt Principles, list 4

Answer 13

describes ways that we organise parts of a visual scene by grouping them to interpret a whole, complete image and make sense of it.
figure ground 
closure
similarity
proximity

Question 14

figure ground

Answer 14

organises visual information by dividing what we see into a ‘figure’ which stands out from the background
(camouflage is when the figure and the background are not easily separated)

Question 15

closure

Answer 15

the tendency to mentally close the gaps in an image in order to perceive objects as a whole

Question 16

similarity

Answer 16

the habit we have of perceiving parts of a visual image that have similar features as belonging together as a group

Question 17

proximity

Answer 17

perceiving parts of an image which are positioned close together as belonging in a group. we group things based on how close they are to each other

Question 18

visual perception principles

Answer 18

gestalt principles
depth cues
perceptual constancies
they help us organise and make sense of visual information.

Question 19

pupil

Answer 19

an opening in the iris that controls the amount of light let into the eye

Question 20

lens

Answer 20

focuses light onto the retina, also changes its shape depending on how far away something is so you can still see it clearly

Question 21

cornea

Answer 21

convex shaped covering that protects the eye and helps focus light rays onto the retina

Question 22

retina

Answer 22

receives and absorbs light, image is focused onto retina and inverted

Question 23

optic nerve

Answer 23

carries image to the brain

Question 24

list pictorial depth cues

Answer 24

linear perspective - parallel lines coming together
interposition - overlap, things in front are closer
texture gradient - more detail close up
relative size - bigger closer, smaller further away
height in the visual field - closer to horizon further away

Question 25

perceptual constancies

Answer 25

how we perceive an object as remaining stable an unchanging despite any changes in the location of the retina. size constancy shape constancy brightness constancy

Question 26

perceptual set + list

Answer 26

the influence of our expectations on the interpretation of visual images - past experience - context - motivation - emotional state - cultural back ground

Question 27

past experience can set us up to..

Answer 27

see something depending on our individual life experiences

Question 28

context

Answer 28

the setting or environment you are in when you perceive something and how our visual perception of something can change depending on this

Question 29

motivation

Answer 29

internal processes cause behaviours directed toward achieving a particular goal. often we can see what we want to see.

Question 30

emotional state

Answer 30

different emotions can set us up to see things consistently with the emotions we are feeling.

Question 31

cultural background

Answer 31

can set us up to perceive things in ways different from people from other cultures

Question 32

ciliary muscle

Answer 32

moves the lens and changes shape of it, bulges to focus on close objects and flattens to focus on things far away

Question 33

binocular depth cues

Answer 33

two eyes working together convergence - when our eyes turn inwards to focus on something that is very close retinal disparity - is how because our eyes are far apart we take in two separate images and our brain compares and combines these images

Question 34

depth perception

Answer 34

how we can estimate the distance of objects and therefore see the world in 3d by using cues in the environment

Question 35

monocular depth cues

Answer 35

one eye accommodation - the automatic adjustment of the shape of the lens to focus on an object depending on its distance. pictorial cues - used by artists to create depth in 2d images

Question 36

perceptual distortion

Answer 36

inconsistency or mismatch between interpretation and reality

Question 37

visual illusions

Answer 37

c1onsistant misinterpretation of real sensory information. every time we look at the same sensory information we experience the same misinterpretation

Question 38

muller lyer illusion

Answer 38

biological explanation thought to be different types of eye movement but since proven incorrect psychological explanation past experience, misinterpret the illusion based on familiarity with 3d objects, square buildings social explanation culture, environment, past experience. people who don't live in square shaped buildings mightn't fall for the illusion

Question 39

Ames room

Answer 39

manipulates our depth cues, monocular depth cues only, distorts size constancy

Question 40

synaesthesia

Answer 40

perceptual experience where stimulation of | one sense produces additional unusual experiences in another. changes perceptual experience of the sense

Question 41

vitreous humour

Answer 41

clear gel that fills space between the lens and the retina. keeps eyes shape, allows light to pass through

Question 42

aqueous humour

Answer 42

fluid produced by the eye that provides nutrition and protects the eyes

Question 43

lobe of the brain where visual information is processed

Answer 43

occipital lobe