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Psychology 3/4 > Sac 2 > Flashcards

Sac 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is stress?

A

Is a psychological physiological response to an internal or external stressor that challenges an individuals ability to cope/ adapt to changing conditions whether real or perceived

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2
Q

Stressor?

A

A stimulus such as person/ object or event that causes stress (perceived as threat).

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3
Q

What two categories can stress be divided into?

A

Eustress and Distress

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4
Q

What his Eustress?

A

Eustress is a positive stress, things that challenge or excite us.

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5
Q

What is Distress ?

A

Eustress is negative stress, Things perceived as threatening or that loss can occur- dysfunctional state

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6
Q

Chronic stress?

A

Stress is long term

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7
Q

Acute stress?

A

Stress is intense, bad, but quick recovery

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8
Q

What is a stress reaction?

A

The physiological psychological result of stress

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9
Q

Stress causes?

A

Daily pressures (being late for work, having a sac that day), life events (divorce), acculturative stress (the physiological impact of adaption to a new culture), Catastrophes That distrupt whole communities (natural disasters).

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10
Q

What may be stressful for one individual may not be stressful for another as…

A

Stress occurs differently in individuals due to everyone perceiving things differently

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11
Q

Stress reactions can be broken into both…

A

Physiological and psychological categories

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12
Q

What are some physiological reactions to stress?

A
  • skin rashes
  • Headaches
  • Colds/flu
  • Heart Palpitations
  • Heart attack
  • Stomach ulcers
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13
Q

What are some psychological reactions to stress?

A 
B.E.C
Behavioural: 
-Changes to eating habits
-Changes to sleep 
Emotional: 
- Irritability 
- Aggression 
Cognitive: 
-Decreased Concentration 
- Memory impairment
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14
Q

What type of process is Hans Seyle’s
General
Adaption
Syndrome ?

A

A biological process

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15
Q

What are the stages in GAS and what occurs with them?

A

1/Alarm reaction (shock) Resistance to stress drops below normal: Body acts as though injured, blood pressure and body temp drop.
2/Alarm reaction (counter shock) Resistance to stress is above normal: Sympathetic NS activated, FFF response activated, Adrenalin released
3/Resistance, Restance to stress is above normal still: cortisol released, all unnecessary functions shut down- person appears as all is normal. Minor colds and illness can still occur in this stage.
Exhaustion, resistance is below normal: Resources are depleted, immune system weakened, prolonged release of adrenalin has negative effects on body, person more likely to get severe illness and disease.

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16
Q

What are strengths and weaknesses of GAS

A

Strengths: Measured predictable pattern,
can be measured in individuals
- I stress not prolonged stages still experience, tracks biological patterns in multiple types of stress
Weaknesses: Research, not conducted on humans (ethics)
-DOES NOT account for difference in individuals and psychological factors

17
Q

Exercise…

A

Helps use up adrenalin and cortisol that is secreted, also produces beta endorphins.

18
Q

What is Approach in regards to stress?

A

Behaviours that attempt to decrease stress through alleviating problem i.e. starting homework that is due, applying for new job
- Typically healthy response to stress

19
Q

Avoidance…

A

Avoiding dealing with stress by protecting oneself from psychological distress i.e. ignoring the facts, denial

  • Maladaptive, unhealthy and unhelpful for relieving source of stress.
  • try to illuminate feeling of stress.
20
Q

Coping flexibility

A

The ability of an individual to replace ineffective coping strategies with a different strategy

  • Positive outcomes for individuals with high coping flexibility
  • High levels of coping flexibly are linked to low levels of mental illness, measurement tools can be inconsistent
21
Q

Other ways to cope with stress

A

Physical exercise

  • Meditation: seeing things from another/different perspective
  • Social support: Other people, other networks, expands ideas with coping flexibility, resources (Lazarus and Folkmans Transactional model of stress)
  • Alcohol drugs, escape, avoidance strategy, snowballs into more effects, not dealing with stress, possibly creating more.
22
Q

What does HPA stand for

A

Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary and Adrenal Cortex

23
Q

What type of process is HPA ?

A

A biological process

24
Q

What occurs during HPA process

A

A threat needs to be signaled that it is present via the Amygdala in brain which triggers HPA axis to release cortisol:

  • Threat signaled by Amygdala
  • Hypothalamus releases CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
  • Anterior Pituitary releases ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  • Adrenal Cortex releases Cortisol
25
Q

What is the role of cortisol ?

A

Vital for maintaining health and well being of body when under stress

  • maintains non vital functions such as, immunity, digestion, mood and growth
  • if activated over long period of time it becomes depleted
26
Q

What happens when cortisol is depleted?

A

Leads to decreased immunity, leaving individual susceptible to severe illness, among other negative effects

27
Q

Fight
Flight
Freeze
Response…

A

Initial reactor to stress

  • occurs due to arousal of sympathetic NS (activated when body is confronted by stressor)
  • It now chooses to Fight (confront), flight (run away from) or freeze ( remain motionless )
  • any response that body gives are all necessary to maximise survival
  • Adaptive
28
Q

What type of Process is Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional model of stress and coping?

A

It is a psychological process, focuses more on that it was not just the response to the stressor or the stressor itself that was important, rather the individuals perception and assessment of that stressor.

  • Different people can evaluate a potentially stressful situation in their own unique way.
  • Stress is regarded as a transaction between the person’s individual interpretation or cognitive appraisal determines how to deal with the situation.
29
Q

What are the 2 main stages in L+F’s Transactional model of coping

A

Primary Appraisal and Secondary Appraisal

30
Q

Primary Appraisal…

A

Is the initial evaluation response, person determines whether event is a threat or challenged, made at a more unconscious level.
- When situation holds no personal relevance (views as neutral or irrelevant), no further thought is needed.
Significance can be classed as:
Harm/Loss (assessment that damage has been done ei illness/poor results), Threat (Assessment that future harm or loss may occur, Challenge (assessment that theres opportunity for personal growth (ei upcoming marriage,Change of employment), Neutral/ irrelevant/ benign, Assessment that even is of little or no personal importance to person (therefore does not go beyond primary appraisal)
If situation is perceived as stressor, person will work out what needs to be done in Secondary appraisal

31
Q

Secondar appraisal…

A

Where the person considers options available to them and how they will respond, this is made at a more conscious level.
- Do I have resources and energy for situation?

32
Q

Emotional Forecasting…

A

Both stages in L+F transactional model involve emotional forecasting:
Primary appraisal: Person experiences emotional response to given situation.
Secondary Appraisal: Person predicts possible emotional impact of each potential response.
e.g.: Student might feel great disappointment at failing task (Primary Appraisal) followed by relief at being able to re- submit or change subjects (secondary appraisal)

33
Q

Content Specific effectiveness…

A

Is a coping strategy that is effective for the particular stressor

34
Q

Problem focused coping…

A

Looks at causes of stressor from a practical Perspective, works out ways to deal with them.
with objective of reducing stress.

35
Q

Examples of Problem focused coping…

A

Taking control: Taking actions to help take control of the situation and effect outcome in positive way.
Information seeking: Looking for additional info to help deal with stressor .
Evaluating pros and cons: Dividing a sheet of paper into 2 sides, write down positives of situation/stressor on one side and negatives on other.

36
Q

Emotional focused coping…

A

Involves trying to reduce negative emotional feelings associated with stressor Eg; embarrassment, fear, anxiety, depression, excitement or frustration.

37
Q

Examples of emotional focused coping…

A

Meditation
Relaxation
Talking to friends and family about problem
Denial: Pretending event didn’t occur
Ignoring problem in hope it will disappear
Distraction : Keep mind busy
Expecting a worse case scenario, to prepare for worst
Physical exercise, reduce feeling of stress.

38
Q

Strengths and Limitations of L+F Transactional model of stress

A

Strengths: Using human subjects in developing model
- using cognitive approach to stress, focus on how people cope with psychological stressors
-Took both mental processes and emotions into account when examining how individual interprets situation as stressful or not.
Limits: The greater focus on psychological factors meant less emphasis placed on physiological elements of stress response.
Didn’t include cultural, social, environmental factors in looking at how individuals perceive a stressful event.

Psychology 3/4 (15 decks)

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