Saliva 1

Question 1

Define Salivary Gland Scintigraphy:

Answer 1

IV injection of sodium pertechnetate (commonly) which binds to Na-K-Cl membrane transport system of acinar and other gland cells. It emits gamma radiation to be visible radiographically.

Question 2

T or F: Genetic abnormalities of major salivary glands are common

Answer 2

False, they are rare.

Question 3

Salivary gland agenesis may occur in isolation or accompanied by other disorders of ______ or ____

Answer 3

Ectoderm or 1st brachial arch

Question 4

What glycoprotein lubricates the mucosal surface and provides a protective barrier?

Answer 4

Mucins

Question 5

What do mucins trap and provide for their clearance?

Answer 5

They trap bacteria and sugar

Question 6

What serves a function in buffering acids in the mouth?

Answer 6

Bicarbonate

Question 7

What do proline-rich proteins and statherin do in the mouth?

Answer 7

Allow saliva to be super-saturated with calcium, helping with enamel maturation and remineralization

Question 8

What do lysozyme, peroxidase, defensins, histatins and IgA help with?

Answer 8

Direct antimicrobial fxns of saliva. (antibacterial, fungal, and viral)

Question 9

Evidence of saliva helping with tissue repair by secreting what?

Answer 9

Growth Factors (epidermal g.f. and nerve g.f)

Question 10

What begins the process of dissolving starch?

Answer 10

Amylase

Question 11

What breaks down fats into free fatty acids and glycerol?

Answer 11

Lipase

Question 12

Something about saliva and taste…

Answer 12

PRPs bind tannins, astringent molecules for wine and tea…blah blah blah

Question 13

Salivary Glands are what type of gland classification?

Answer 13

Exocrine

Question 14

What are normal daytime salivary flow rates?

Answer 14

.3-.4 ml/min

Question 15

What is volume of saliva in mouth (normal daytime)

Answer 15

.8-1.1 ml, most is a thing 100um film coating errything

Question 16

What % by volume does parotid gland contribute?

Answer 16

60%

Question 17

Submandibular % by volume?

Answer 17

25%

Question 18

Sublingual/minor glands % by volume each?

Answer 18

7-8%

Question 19

What type of gland is parotid?

Answer 19

Pure Serous

Question 20

What enzyme’s main source is parotid?

Answer 20

Amylase

Question 21

What gland is mixed but mostly serous?

Answer 21

Submandibular

Question 22

What gland is mixed but mostly mucous?

Answer 22

Sublingual

Question 23

What gland type is Von Ebner’s? What enzyme does it secrete?

Answer 23

Pure serous/Lingual lipase

Question 24

Other minor glands are which type? What are they the major source of?

Answer 24

Pure mucous/Mucins

Question 25

Weight of parotid? What muscle sits deep/cranial to parotid?

Answer 25

14-28 g. Masseter is just deep and cranial to parotid

Question 26

What is the duct of the parotid and what tooth is nearest to the duct's entrance to oral cavity?

Answer 26

Duct-Stenson's | Tooth nearest-2nd Max Molar

Question 27

What is weight of submandibular and what muscle is most closely associated with it?

Answer 27

10-15 grams. Submandibular gland (anterior portion) wraps around caudal end of MYLOHYOID

Question 28

What duct empties the submandibular gland?

Answer 28

Wharton's Duct

Question 29

Meow what anatomical structure does wharton's duct empty into the oral cavity through?

Answer 29

Lingual Frenum

Question 30

What are the name of the ducts of the sublingual gland?

Answer 30

Bartholin's and Rivinus's ducts

Question 31

What series of ducts are directly behind Wharton's duct? What gland do these ducts belong to?

Answer 31

The series of ducts belong to the sublingual gland. Called Bartholin's and Rivinus's ducts which empty into sublingual fold.

Question 32

T/F: The sublingual gland weighs less than 1 gram

Answer 32

False- ballpark @ 2 grams

Question 33

What component provides structural support, forms the capsule and organizes the salivary gland into lobes?

Answer 33

Stroma

Question 34

Essentially, what does the parenchyma of a salivary gland do?

Answer 34

Fxnal component-Makes saliva and discharges it to final destination

Question 35

What type of tissue is the stroma composed of?

Answer 35

Connective tissue

Question 36

What type of tissue is the parenchyma composed of?

Answer 36

Epithelium

Question 37

T/F: The capsule and septa are part of the parenchyma

Answer 37

False: They are part of stroma

Question 38

What does the stroma contain?

Answer 38

Fibroblasts (collagen), Blood vessels (supply parenchyma), Nerve fibers (supply parenchyma), Plasma cells (secrete antibodies), Fat cells.

Question 39

What is the most common type of cell in the stroma?

Answer 39

Fibroblast-makes collagen which is the major component of ecm.

Question 40

What are the two main components of the parenchyma?

Answer 40

Acini (secretory portion) and Ducts

Question 41

Name the 3 types of ducts in order from largest to smallest.

Answer 41

1. Excretory (collecting) 2. Striated (secretory) 3. Intercalated

Question 42

What gland starts to develop late in the 6th week?

Answer 42

Submandibular

Question 43

What gland starts to develop at the beginning of the 6th week?

Answer 43

Parotid

Question 44

Name IU week development time of sublingual and minor glands.

Answer 44

Weeks:8-12 IU (between 2-3 months)

Question 45

What is the embryological origin of stroma of salivary glands?

Answer 45

Neural Crest

Question 46

T/F: Parenchyma origin of parotid gland is endoderm

Answer 46

False: It's origin is ectoderm

Question 47

What is origin of minor salivary gland parenchyma?

Answer 47

Endoderm

Question 48

I don't know what's going on with origin of parenchyma of submandibular glands....

Answer 48

Either ectoderm or endoderm

Question 49

What initiates salivary gland development?

Answer 49

Thickening of ectoderm or endoderm, followed by epithelial "bud" formation

Question 50

What two compartments are involved in signal exchange interaction for development of salivary glands?

Answer 50

Epithelial and Mesenchymal signal exchange

Question 51

What is the 3rd stage of salivary gland development?

Answer 51

Branching morphogenesis: Like lung development, the gland has a single bud that branches multiple times. Then, part of the branched structure hollows out to become the ductal portion.

Question 52

What is the hollowoing out of the branch portion, forming the ductal portion termed?

Answer 52

"Cavitation"

Question 53

What is e-cadherin involved in?

Answer 53

Cell adhesion

Question 54

In relation to cleft formation, what suppresses expression of e-cadherin?

Answer 54

Cleftin aka BTBD7

Question 55

Other than suppression of e-cadherin, what is the other action of Cleftin (BTBD7)?

Answer 55

Upregulates the expression of snail2

Question 56

What molecule induces expression of Cleftin (BTBD7)?

Answer 56

fibronectin

Question 57

T/F Snail2 is a Growth Factor

Answer 57

False-Snail 2 is a transcription factor

Question 58

What is primary secretion of acini composed of?

Answer 58

Water, proteins, ions (specifically Sodium and Chloride)

Question 59

T/F: Acini secretion is Isotonic

Answer 59

True, duct secretion is hypotonic though

Question 60

T/F: duct cells are water permeable

Answer 60

False-they are not. Acini cells are water permeable

Question 61

Where are bicarbonate ions secreted: Acini or Duct cells?

Answer 61

Duct cells.

Question 62

What ganglion do pre-ganglionic axons of sympathetic nervous system synapse on?

Answer 62

Superior Cervical Ganglion

Question 63

Which CN axons synapse on post-ganglionic neurons near glands of interest in the parasympathetic nervous sytem?

Answer 63

Axons of CN VII & IX.

Question 64

T/F: ACh is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic control of salivary secretion

Answer 64

False: ACh is used in parasympathetic system. Norepinephrine is used for sympathetic system

Question 65

After NE binds to a beta-adrenergic receptor (Gprotein coupled receptor), which enzyme is coupled to "said" beta-adrenergic receptor? (All involved in sympathetic control of secretion)

Answer 65

Adenyl Cyclase (AC)

Question 66

In sympathetic control of secretion, after adenyl cyclase is activated, what are the finishing steps toward a protein rich, thick saliva?

Answer 66

After AC, cAMP is upregulated, activating protein kinase A (PKA). PKA phosphorylates secretory granules possessing synthesized proteins----they are released.

Question 67

T/F: Parasympathetic control of saliva secretion produces Watery, Voluminous and protein-rich saliva.

Answer 67

False: Parasympathetics facilitate secretion of watery, copious saliva.

Question 68

What type of receptor does Ach bind to when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated?

Answer 68

Muscarinic type receptor

Question 69

What does phospholipase C free from membrane phospholipids in parasympathetic control of salivary secretion?

Answer 69

It liberates IP3, which then liberates calcium from the ER

Question 70

What leaves the cell as calcium is released from the endoplasmic reticulum in parasympathetic control of secretion?

Answer 70

Chloride is driven out.

Question 71

What does chloride in the lumen of parasympathetic control of salivary secretion cause?

Answer 71

It causes an electrical and osmotic gradient---drawing sodium and water, creating watery, copious saliva.

Question 72

How is chloride maintained at such a high intracellular concentration in salivary gland cells?

Answer 72

Thru the use of an energy- requiring ion pump