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Oral Histology Exam 3 > Salivary Glands Module 1 > Flashcards

Salivary Glands Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

severe hyposalivation

A

increase incidence of caries is often seen in patients with reduced salivary flow

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2
Q

what causes reduction in salivation?

A

head and neck radiotherapy
autoimmune disease
sjogren’s syndrome

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3
Q

what does scintigraphy test?

A

salivary function

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4
Q

how is scintigraphy test done?

A

pt injected intravenously with radioactive compound that emits gamma radiation, allowing it to be visible radiographically and it binds to the ion membrane transport system of salivary and other gland cells

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5
Q

what glands show up normally with scintigraphy?

A

thyroid gland, parotid gland, submandibular gland, minor glands of soft palate and pharynx, nasal mucous glands

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6
Q

what do patient with congenital salivary aplasia lack?

A

radioactivity in parotid and submandibular glands, and minor glands affected.

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7
Q

what is agenesis?

A

lack of development (in this case- both sets of salivary glands)

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8
Q

genetic abnormalities of major salivary glands

A

rare
may involve single or multiple glands
may occur in isolation or with other developmental abnormalities of ectoderm or 1st brachial arch
severity of symptoms dependent on number of salivary glands involved and type of abnormality
early diagnosis and implementation of strategies to prevent caries is critical

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9
Q

what function does mucins perform in saliva?

A

protection
highly glycosylated glycoproteins that are viscous and largely responsible for lubricating the mucosal surface and providing a protective barrier.
also important for trapping bacteria and sugar and therefore providing for their clearance

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10
Q

what function does bicarbonate perform?

A

buffering

secreted in saliva and serves an important function in buffering acids in the mouth

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11
Q

what do proline-rich proteins and statherin do?

A

tooth integrity
calcium-binding proteins that allow saliva to be super saturated with calcium and contribute to enamel maturation and remineralization

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12
Q

what do lysozyme, peroxidase, defensins and histatins and igA do?

A

antimicrobial

contribute to direct antimicrobial functions of saliva- capable of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral actions

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13
Q

what do growth factors do? example?

A

tissue repair
saliva participate in tissue repair by secreting growth factors like epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor (NGF)

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14
Q

how do mucins contribute to digestive process?

A

mucins critical to chweing and swallowing food

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15
Q

how do enzymes like amylase and lipase contribute to digestion?

A

amylase- dissolve starch

lipase break down fats into free fatty acids and glycerol

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16
Q

how is saliva vital for the proper function of taste?

A

tasty molecules must first be dissolved in the water in saliva so that they can be transported to taste buds
also evidence that proline-rich proteins can bind certain food molecules and modify taste properties- ex. bind tannins in tea or red wine- lead to dry puckery feeling in mouth

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17
Q

what are salivary glands classified as?

A

exocrine glands

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18
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

they discharge their secretion via a duct to an epithelial surface

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19
Q

what are other exocrine glands?

A

sweat or sebaceous glands of skin

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20
Q

how does exocrine glands contrast with endocrine glands?

A

endocrine glands like thyroid glands discharge secretions into blood stream without duct

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21
Q

what is normal daytime flow rates and volume of saliva in mouth in absence of stimulation induced by chewing or taste?

A

.3-.4ml/min
0.8-1.1ml saliva
most of it is in a thin film that coats mucosa and teeth

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22
Q

when does flow rates decrease?

A

during sleep meaning prebed time oral hygiene is critical

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23
Q

what are three major salivary glands and innervation ?

A

parotid gland- 9, submandibular-7, sublingual-7

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24
Q

what are minor glands and innervation?

A

von ebner’s gland- 9

labial, palatal, buccal lingual glands

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25
what gland contribute the most volume of saliva?
parotid gland- 60% submandibular- 25% and submandibular and minor- 7-8%
26
what does the parotid gland secrete?
pure serous gland- secretes water saliva and main source of enzyme, amylase- which initiates breakdown of starch
27
what are submandibular and sublingual glands?
mixed serous and mucous glands
28
what are von ebner's gland?
pure serous gland and source of lingual lipase- enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids
29
what are the other minor glands?
pure mucous glands- major source of mucins, glycosylated proteins critical for lubrication
30
what is the largest salivary gland?
parotid gland- 14-28g
31
where is the parotid gland?
sits superficial to the caudal end of the masseter muscle
32
how are parotid gland saliva discharged?
thru stenson's duct opposite 2nd max molar
33
how much does the submandibular gland weigh?
10-15g
34
where does the submandibular gland sit?
anterior end wraps around the caudal end of mylohyoid muscle
35
where does submandibular gland empty into?
duct travels superficially to empty into the oral cavity via wharton's duct on lingual frenum
36
what is the smallest duct?
sublingual duct- 2g
37
where does the sublingual duct empty into?
sublingual fold behind wharton's- bartholin and rivinus' ducts
38
what are salivary glands made up of?
stroma and parenchyma
39
what does stroma do?
supporting role- provide structural support to gland, forming capsule and organize gland into lobes
40
what does parenchyma do?
chracteristic work of a given gland- make the saliva and take care of discharging it to its final destination
41
what is stroma made up of salivary gland?
connective tissue
42
what is parenchyma made up of in salivary gland?
epithelium
43
what does the stroma include?
capsule that encompasses the salivary gland and separates it from surrounding tissue and septa which divides gland into lobes (major larger division) and lobules (minor smaller division)
44
what is the major cell type in salivary gland?
fibroblast- makes collagen- major component of ec matrix
45
what else does stroma contain and who do they do?
blood vessels- supply parenchyma-both acinar cells and ducts are supplied nerve fibers- supply parenchyma- mainly the acinar cells and myoepithelial cell plasma cells-secrete antibodies- IgG- fat cells- increase with age
46
what are parenchyma comprised of?
secretory endpieces- acini | AND ducts
47
what are acini composed of?
individual acinar or secretory cells- these cells make saliva
48
what are the 3 types of endpieces?
serous (parotid) mucous (minor) mixed (submandibular and sublingual)
49
what does acini open into?
ducts- which get progressively larger toward oral surface
50
what is the progress of saliva in ducts?
intercalated ducts- striated ducts (secretory ducts)- into excretory ducts
51
when does salivary gland begin development?
6 week IU
52
when does parotid gland develop?
week 6 IU
53
when does submandibular gland develop?
week 6 IU at end
54
when does sublingual and minor glands develop?
weeks 8-12 IU
55
what is the origin of the parenchyma?
parotid- ectoderm submandibular- ectoderm or endoderm minor- endoderm
56
what is the origin of the stroma?
neural crest
57
what are the stages of salivary gland development similar to odontogenesis?
thickening of ectoderm or endoderm formation of epithelial bud important signals are exchanged between epithelial and mesenchymal compartments
58
what are the stages of salivary gland development different from odontogenesis but similar to other branched structures?
single bud branches then branches again and again and par of the branching structure ultimately becomes the ducts- hollows out in process called cavitation
59
what happens before branching occurs?
each cell is joined to its neighbors by cell adhesion molecules expressed on adjoining cell surfaces
60
what is an important cell adhesion molecule?
e-cadherin
61
what happens as cleft begin to form and progresses?
cadherin staining break up and disppears at base of cleft as clefting progresses
62
what finally happens?
e cadherin gone on surfaces of all cells that face the cleft
63
what is the cell doing to the adhesion molecule?
adhesion molecule remains on other surfaces of very same cells- cell not turning off adhesion molecule but redirecting its expression
64
what is one mechanism that control clefting?
suppression of ecadherin expression in certain region of the cell
65
what is a critical molecule to clefting?
cleftin | cleftin knocked down by sirna- gland much less branched - although some branching does occur
66
what induces expression of cleftin?
ex matrix molecule- fibronectin through fibronectin interact with fibronectin receptors on membranes of salivary gland cells
67
what are the 2 actions of cleftin expression? where does it take placE??
within the cell acts to suppress the expression of e-cadherin expression but it upregulates expression of another molecule called snail 2
68
what is snail 2?
transcription factor important in many aspects of development and also cancer. unclear what it does to salivary glands but hypothesis- promotes a change in cell shape that coupled with e-cadherin- allows gaps to form
69
salivary physiology
acini secrete saliva | ducts secrete and resorb certain components present in salivary secretion
70
what does acinar cells secrete?
primary secretion or saliva- | water- host of proteins and ions- including sodium and chloride
71
what is primary saliva?
isotonic
72
are acinar cells water permeable?
yes
73
are duct cells water permeable
no
74
what do duct cells resorb and absorb?
resorb sodium and chloride secrete few proteins and bicarbonate ions fluid now called secondary secretion or saliva
75
what is secondary saliva?
hypotonic
76
how is salivary secretion controlled?
neural control
77
is that similar to secretions by other glands?
no- thyroid secrete thyroxin- controlled by blood borne hormones
78
how is salivary glands supplied?
by both branches of autonomic nervous system- sympathetic and parasympathetic
79
where are the cell bodies of pregang parasympathetic neurons located?
brainstem and send axons out to the brain in 7th and 9th cranial nerves which synapses on post gang neurons near each of the glands
80
where does the sympathetic supply originate from?
cell bodies of IML (intermediolateral nucleus) of the spinal cord which send axons out the cord to synapse in superior cervical ganglion and axons arising from post gang neurons in superior cerivical ganglion supply glands
81
what is sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
protein secretion. post gang neuron releases norepinephrine which binds to a beta adrenergic receptor on the salivary acinar cells. this is a g-protein coupled receptor which is coupled to the enzyme adenyl cyclase/ activation of adenyl cyclase upregulates cAMP which activates PKA. PKA phorphorylates the secretory granules that contain synthesized proteins, facilitating their release
82
what does activation of the sympathetic nervous system alone produce?
protein laden, viscous secretion that is not voluminous
83
what is the parasypathetic nervous system responsble for?
fluid secretion and accounts most for the volume of saliva.
84
what happens when parasympathetic ns is activated?
post gang neuron releases acetylcholine which binds to a muscarinic type receptor on salivary acinar cell. also a g couple protein receptor- coupled to phospholipase c- which liberates IP3 from membrane phospholipids and liberates calcium from er
85
what happens with increase in calcium?
opens a chloride channel and conc gradient drives chloride from the cell- increasing cl- in lumen and creates electrical and osmotic gradient which draws sodium and water via a between cells pathway
86
how is chloride maintained at high conc intracellularly?
energy requiring ion pump

Oral Histology Exam 3 (5 decks)

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