Screening for cervical cancer using pap smear is intended to detect the disease early so that treatment can be applied and the chances of survival increased. Administering HPV vaccines to female children 10 years and above is protective against known strains of HPV infection that cause cervical cancer. HPV vaccination is an intervention that falls under this type of clinical prevention
Immunization
A 35 year old male comes in for his annual physical examination. He reports rapid weight loss, and frequent urination. On interview, you find out that he has a strong history of diabetes on both sides of his family. His blood test also shows elevated levels of F85 and HbA1c. You then prescribe an oral hypoglycemic and refer the patient to a nutritionist for dietary counseling. Diet modification, in this case, helps patients manage blood sugar levels as a type of clinical prevention.
Behavioral counseling
A 25 year old woman with a BMI of 29 consulted at the clinic. Her labs showed normal levels for blood sugar and cholesterol. you advised her to modify her diet and exercise regularly. This intervention is an example of this level of prevention
Primary prevention
A 1 year old child was rushed to the ER for difficulty of breathing and cyanosis. On interview, the mother reported that the child has obtained all but one vaccine that is administered by their rural health unit in order to complete the full immmunization schedule. It is likely that the child was not yet given what vaccine?
Measles
A 25 year old female underwent HIV/AIDS testing. Her blood sample tested positive with the particle agglutination test and will then have to be referred for confirmatory testing. In this case, the confirmatory testing with ELISA is intended to rule out this type of result
False positive
A 3 month old infant was admitted to the ER for intractable diarrhea. The infant was admitted and later expired. It was learned that the child suffered from a rare form of metabolic disorder that affects 1 in 1 million live births. There is yet no commercially viable screening method developed to screen this disorder. In contrast, a rapid test for dengue has been developed as the number of children affected reached some 50,000 cases annually. The development of diagnostic tests for these conditions is being influenced by what consideration?
Burden of suffering
A 30 year old male was diagnosed with pancreatic CA. The family was insistent on submitting him for chemotherapy. The patient however opted for palliative care. Which ethical consideration best describes the patient’s decision?
Patient choice
T/F?
Lead time bias is likely if slow-growing tumors will be more represented than fast-growing ones that have a shorter asymptomatic phase and are less likely to be detected
False
to avoid the bias from an impression of longer survival time versus disease time, researchers are advised to use this outcome measure
Mortality rates
The sensitivity of a screening test was estimated at 92% using the detection method. If the number of interval cancers was 25, compute for the number of screen-detected cancers. Use the following formula:
Sensitivity = (n detected)(n detected + n interval)
300
The following is a characteristic of a systematic review that differentiates it from a traditional review
Involves the inclusion of highly selected studies that show the same conclusions
This electronic database of research publication includes journal articles from the Philippines
CINAHI
This type of diagram used in presenting the results of a systematic review contains point estimates and confidence intervals of each study
Forest plot
The statistical synthesis of results of several comparative studies is called
Meta-analysis
This international collaboration of experts work to produce systematic reviews of various clinical topics to serve as the evidence base in the practice of medicine
Cochrane collaboration
The size of the square representing the point estimate of the result of a study in a diagram of a systematic review analysis is related to
Sample size
The summary effect of a statistical combination of trial results of a systematic review analysis diagram is represented by a
Diamond
Confidence interval of a result of a particular trial represented in a systematic review analysis diagram is represented by the
Length of the horizontal line
The first step in performing a systematic review is
Construct a clear set of objectives and a research question
this activity involves the assessment of the scientific or methodological quality of a study usually, base don standards
Critical appraisal
The complexity of health problems often requires this type of research wherein investigators with different backgrounds know enough about each other’s perspectives (conceptually, methodologically, substantively) to be able to work as a team to study a problem using shared perspectives informed by a range of disciplines
Trans-disciplinary
Health problems stem from multiple causes and thus cannot be resolved by medical science alone
Health social science
It is the basic science of clinical medicine which involves the study of patients to determine the frequency and distribution of disease and measure risks
Clinical epidemiology
In countries such as the Philippines, health is conceived of as a balanced relationship
People, nature, and the supernatural world
Cultural factors can be ______ in relation to ill health
Causal, contributory, protective
The spectrum of health research for development includes
Biomedical research
Health policy and systems research
Operations and implementations research
Social science and behavioral research
Health research is usually best suited only for
People with a vivid imagination
In health research, no one person or group has a monopoly on expertise…or even good looks
Less than false
If the complexity of health problems oftentimes requires that research is best done within and by trans-disciplinary teams, this implies that
Health research is no longer confined to physicians
In Tony Perez;’s book, “Mga Panibagong Kulam sa Pag-Ibig”, which of the following is NOT a requirement for the First Aid Para sa Pag-ibig
Virgin coconut oil
It is a pathological condition of a part, organ, or system of an organism resulting from various causes, such as infection, genetic defect, or environmental stress, and characterized by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms
Disease
It is a condition of optimal well-being and soundness of mind and body
Health
The meanings given to symptoms and people’s response to such constitute
Illness
The clustering of health-related problems (as seen in systematics) occurs if they
Are caused by the same biological agent
Share risk or protective behaviors
Respond to similar environmental conditions
Have reciprocal or interdependent effects
When you arrive at a conclusion even before doing research, and then just set aside any opposing views to what you have already espoused, you are advocating for
Pre-conceptual science
An independent research group is being commissioned to conduct a research to determine the dialysis capability of dialysis units in the country and its practice patterns with regards to particular aspects of care that are deemed important, such as the number of functioning dialysis machines and number of dialysis shifts per day. A total of 320 DUs are recorded in the registry. In the conduct of this research, the error that can possibly be obtained when the target population of DUs in the country and sampled population of registered DUs are compared is called
Sampling frame error
This can be used to estimate the extent to which chance or random variation accounts for the results fo a clinical study
Statistics
The true cure rate of a drug is 90%. The estimated cure rate of this drug when administered to randomly selected patients is 85%. This tendency for the estimated cure rate to deviate randomly from the true cure rate (in this case, the estimated cure rate is lower than the true cure rate) is called
Random variation
The probability of error due to random variation is estimated by means of
Inferential statistics
The statistical analysis can be used to determine the extent of association between two quantitative variables such as fasting blood sugar and diastolic blood pressure
Correlation analysis
Several studies have shown that females fared worse after CABG. Later studies revealed that/..Anatomy of the mid left anterior descending artery, gender in this case is
Confounded
A case control study was done to determine the odds of developing gastrointestinal bleed with intake of NSAIDs. An odds ratio of 4 was noted. Choose the best conclusion to be drawn out from the study.
The risk of bleeding from NSAIDs is 4-fold
The same study observed that most smokers also have abnormal liver function tests. These factors are called
Co-morbidities
Exposure to risk factors which is characterized by the average exposure of the group to which individuals belong is called
Aggregate risk
A study design which classifies people by the general level of exposure in their environment is called
Ecologic study
A study was done to determine the effect of putting a ceiling on the reimbursement for medication of anti-psychotic drugs. Baseline emergency admissions for suicides and psychiatric emergencies were measured before the ceiling, during the ceiling, and after it were implemented. This is an example of
Multiple time series
One cause leads to one effect
Specificity
The strongest study design in weighing evidence of clinical practice and public health import is
Systematic review
The first step in a systematic review is
Literature research
The US preventive services task force grades the strength of evidence using research design of individual studies. A grade of II-1 means
Evidence obtained from a well-designed clinical trial without randomization
The GRADE working group developed a transparent approach to grading quality and strength of evidence. In addition to study design it incorporated
Directness of evidence
Illustrates the value of vulnerability of study participants A. Nazi war crimes B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study C. Willowbrook Study D. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study E. NOTA
C. Willowbrook Study
The investigation of which led to the development of the Nuremberg code A. Nazi war crimes B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study C. Willowbrook Study D. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study E. NOTA
A. Nazi war crimes
Illustrates the value of pediatric patients as vulnerable research participants A. Nazi war crimes B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study C. Willowbrook Study D. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study E. NOTA
C. Willowbrook Study
Emphasizes the need for an appropriate control group in clinical researches A. Nazi war crimes B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study C. Willowbrook Study D. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study E. NOTA
B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Illustrates the need to promulgate the need for respect for the study subjects' autonomy in participation in research A. Nazi war crimes B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study C. Willowbrook Study D. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study E. NOTA
A. Nazi war crimes
Illustrates the issue of the guarantee of beneficence and non-maleficence among research participants A. Nazi war crimes B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study C. Willowbrook Study D. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study E. NOTA
A. Nazi war crimes
Investigation of which led to the development of the Belmont report A. Nazi war crimes B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study C. Willowbrook Study D. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study E. NOTA
B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Illustrates the importance of avoidance of racism as an important ethical principle A. Nazi war crimes B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study C. Willowbrook Study D. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study E. NOTA
B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Illustrates that the principal investigators' conflicts of interest may have led to the atrocities committed during the research A. Nazi war crimes B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study C. Willowbrook Study D. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study E. NOTA
C. Willowbrook Study
The investigation of which led to the declaration of Helsinki A. Nazi war crimes B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study C. Willowbrook Study D. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study E. NOTA
B. Tuskegee Syphilis Study
