SAQ 2011

Question 1

What is present in segmental bronchi but not respiratory bronchiole?

Answer 1

Cartilage

Question 2

What 3 things comprise a respiratory acinus?

Answer 2

resp bronchiole, alveolar duct + alveolus

Question 3

what part of reps tract lies behind sternal angle?

Answer 3

carina t4

Question 4

anatomical regions of the stomach

Answer 4

cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus

Question 5

which cell types produce:

• gastrin
• HCl
• Intrinsic factor
• pensinogen
• histamine
• somatostain

Answer 5

G cells
Parietal
Parietal
Chief cells

Enterchromaffin-like
D cells

Question 6

Where in the stomach are the cells most commonly found

Answer 6

G - antrum
Parietal - body and funds
Chief - body, fundus and pylorus
ECL - gastric glands in the vicinity of parietal cells

Question 7

What two things other than gastrin mediate release of HCl

Answer 7

histamine and Acetylcholine

Question 8

Which glucocorticoid is most common in man?

Answer 8

cortisol

Question 9

which 2 anatomical areas are involved in glucocorticoids’ negative feedback loop?

Answer 9

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 10

what 2 hormones do glucocorticoids inhibit?

Answer 10

ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone

CRH - corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 11

Which hormone from pituitary gland stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and what class of receptor does it bind to?

Answer 11

ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone. Binds to protein coupled receptor.

(all hypothalamic and pituitary hormones act on G-protein coupled receptors)

Question 12

BMI calculation

Answer 12

wt divided by height squared

Question 13

3 conditions that are exacerbated or caused by weight gain

Answer 13

CHD, osteoporosis, diabetes

Question 14

2 imdv reasons that are causing the increase of childhood obesity

Answer 14

technology development - video games, sedentary lifestyle

Question 15

2 factors contributing to the obesogenic lifestyle

Answer 15

driving instead of walking

fast food/unhealthier food

Question 16

what is recommended daily intake of fruit and veg?

Answer 16

at least 5 portions

Question 17

2 pituitary hormones influencing menstrual cycle?

Answer 17

FSH - folicular stimulating hormone

LH - luteinising hormone

Question 18

how does Progesterone act on the uterus

Answer 18

thickening the lining (to prevent miscarriage)

preventing uterine smooth muscle contraction

Question 19

3 typical histological features of a biopsy of a mid-secretory phase endometrium (normal)

Answer 19

stromal oedema
spiral arteries forming
glands becoming tortuous

Question 20

what hormone does preg test look for?

Answer 20

hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 21

2 effects oestrogen has on the endometrium

Answer 21

uterine smooth muscle growth

softening of cervix and pelvic ligaments

Question 22

by 28th week what 3 changes would there be in embryo’s Cardioresp development?

Answer 22

day 22 - heart beat
wk 24 - surfactant
wk 20 - ductus arteriousus opens

Question 23

1 hormone from pituitary and 1 from chorion/decidua that induce labour

Answer 23

posterior pituitary - oxytocin

chorion/decidua - prostaglandins

Question 24

what anatomical site is affected in parkinsons?

Answer 24

substantia nigra

Question 25

3 other components of Basal ganglia (not SN)

Answer 25

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

Question 26

what site does brain stimulation affect?

Answer 26

subthalamic nucleus

Question 27

what is the neurotransmitter defect in hunting tons?

Answer 27

GABA

Question 28

wasting in thenar muscles and loss of sensation in the the thumb and 1st 2 fingers. which nerve is compressed and by which structure?

Answer 28

medial nerve and flexor retinaculum

Question 29

4 features of pain as identified by the international pain society

Answer 29

pain = an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with an a actual or potential damage to tissue. nociception, pain reception, suffering, pain behaviour

Question 30

how do men and women differ in their responses to pain?

Answer 30

women report pain more readily but can tolerate more pain than males

Question 31

pts calcium is low but phosphate is normal. 2 systemic hormones responsible for these abnormalities?

Answer 31

parathyroid hormone - chief cells in PT gland | calcitonin - C cells in thyroid

Question 32

3 ways that the mucous membranes of the upper RT and upper GT contribute to innate immunity

Answer 32

mucu-cilliary escalator wafts to top of oesophagus low pH in stomach of HCl degrades swallowed stuff mucous traps bacteria

Question 33

2 areas of the body with low pH to combat bacteria

Answer 33

vagina and stomach

Question 34

one oxygen dependent method phagocytes used to kill ingested material?

Answer 34

Reactive oxygen species