Sara Sample Exam

Question 1

• 1,25 dihydroxyvitamine D3
• renin
• erythropoietin

are all produced in the _____.

Answer 1

kidney

Question 2

The kidney oxidizes wastes. True or false?

Answer 2

false

Question 3

The kidney maintain homeostatic regulation of water and inorganic ions. True or false?

Answer 3

true

Question 4

The kidneys regulate levels of some hormones. True or false?

Answer 4

true

Question 5

What is the correct sequence of anatomical structures enountered in moving from glomerular capillaries to the bladder?

Answer 5

• Bowman’s space
• proximal tubule
• loop of Henle
• distal tubule
• collecting ducts
• renal pelvis
• ureter

Question 6

The normal glomerular filtration rate for a 70 kg person is in the range of :

Answer 6

180 liters / day

Question 7

Which force is a POSITIVE force for glomerular filtration?

Answer 7

glomerular capillary pressure

Question 8

• Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space
• protein osmotic pressure in the blood

are ____ forces for glomerular filtration.

Answer 8

negative

Question 9

Diabetes insipidus can be caused by inability to produce ____.

Answer 9

vasopressin

Question 10

Water is not reabsorbed in the ascending limb loop of Henle because this segment _______ contain water channels

Answer 10

does not

Question 11

The volume of plasma from which a substance is removed per unit time is ____ ____.

Answer 11

renal clearance

Question 12

A high plasma concentration of vasopressin causes water permeability in the ____ ____.

Answer 12

collecting duct

Question 13

Urine can become as concentrated as 1200mOsmo/L even though an osmotic gradient of no more than 200 mOsmo/L is tolerated across any epithelium. True or false?

Answer 13

true

Question 14

The iso-osmotic salt reabsorption in the proximal tubule is the driving force for creating the medullary osmotic gradient. true or false?

Answer 14

false

Question 15

Water in the cortical collecting duct is reabsorbed until the luminal fluid becomes iso-osmotic to the interstitial fluid. True or false?

Answer 15

true

Question 16

The asymmetric configuration of water channels and salt transporters in the loop of Henle contributes to the medullary osmotic gradient. True or false?

Answer 16

true

Question 17

If plasma clearance of substance X is zero (not secreted), this means that substance x is freely filtered and ____ ____

Answer 17

completely reabsorbed

Question 18

The amount of any substance excreted in the urine is equal to the amount filtered plus the amount secreted minus the amount reabsorbed. True or false?

Answer 18

true

Question 19

As plasma glucose concentration exceeds 300 mg/dL, glucose increasinly appears in the urine because glucose _____ in the ___ ____ has reached its maximum.

Answer 19

reabsorption

proximal tubule

Question 20

Inulin is freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted in the kidney. The renal clearance of inulin will be ___ to GFR.

Answer 20

equal

Question 21

Aldosterone is normally produced and secreted by the following tissue:

Answer 21

adrenal cortex

Question 22

The effect of aldosterone on principal cells in the collecting duct is to increase __ secretion

Answer 22

K

Question 23

What hormone stimulates

• Ca reabsorption in the kidney
• Ca absorption in the GI
• Ca resorption in the bone

Answer 23

parathyroid hormone

Question 24

In the kidney, the acidity of the blood is excreted into the urine as:

Answer 24

• NH4
• H2PO4
• H+

Question 25

The kidney is important for the long-term regulation of acid-base status in the body. True or false?

Answer 25

true

Question 26

H+ excretion is normally tied to HCO3 retention. True or false?

Answer 26

true

Question 27

Transporters that move acid into the urine include Na/H exchanger, H/K=ATPase and H-ATPase. True or false?

Answer 27

true

Question 28

Fine tuning of H+ secretion occurs in principal cells in the collecting duct. True or false?

Answer 28

false

Question 29

What involves secretion by principal cells and reabsorption by type A intercalated cells?

Answer 29

renal K+ regulation

Question 30

Loop diuretics inhibit Na/K/2CL cotransporters. This inhibition results in K+ loss from the blood because ____ secretion in the ____ \_\_\_ is stimulated

Answer 30

K+ collecting duct

Question 31

The tubule fluid in the distal tubule can be as low as 60-80 mOsm because the ___ \_\_\_ is water impermeable and \_\_\_, \_\_\_, and ____ are removed in the ascending limb.

Answer 31

ascending limb Na, K, Cl

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT completely removed from the luminal fluid, thus being partially excreted in the urine?

Answer 32

phosphate

Question 33

Bicarbonate, amino acids, and glucose ___ completely removed from the luminal fluid.

Answer 33

are

Question 34

Loop diuretics and thiazide diuretics can cause _____ associated with metabolic \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 34

hypokalemia alkalosis

Question 35

A high plasma level of K increases the plasma level of \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 35

aldosterone

Question 36

What * reduces net glomerular filtration pressure * stimulates renal sympathetic nerves so that afferent arterioles are constricted * leads to decreased salt and water excretion

Answer 36

Low blood volume/pressure

Question 37

In the tubuloglomerular feedback regulation, macular densa cells detect luminal salt load in the distal tubule. True or false?

Answer 37

true

Question 38

In the tubuloglomerular feedback regulation, macular densa cells release paracrines to affect arteriole resistance. True or false?

Answer 38

true

Question 39

Macular densa cells influence renin release from juxtglomerular cells. True or false?

Answer 39

true

Question 40

Most of the filtered bicarbonates are reabsorbed in the ____ \_\_\_\_

Answer 40

proximal tubule

Question 41

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors act in the proximal tubule to inhibit ____ \_\_\_\_

Answer 41

bicarbonate reabsorption