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STM 010 review > SAS 2 > Flashcards

SAS 2 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

basic and smallest functional unit of all living things

A

Cells

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2
Q

Composition of cell

A
  • contain cytoplasm, a substance found only in cells
  • organelles are specialized structures within the cytoplasm

-cell interior is surrounded by plasma membrane

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3
Q

Structural part of cell

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • cytoskeleton
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4
Q

forms outer boundary of cell
selectively permeable
composed of thin, two- layered membrane of phospholipids and embedded with proteins

A

Plasma membrane

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5
Q

all cell substance from the nucleus to the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

internal framework of cell
made up of microfilaments and microtubules

provides support and movement of cell and organelles

A

Cytoskeleton

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7
Q

made of two tiny subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA (mRNA)

called protein factories

may attach to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm

manufacture enzymes and other proteins

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

network of connecting sacs and canals

carries substances through cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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9
Q

collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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10
Q

synthesizes chemicals; makes new membrane

A

Smooth ER

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11
Q

group of flattened sacs near nucleus

collects chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward to the plasma membrane

chemical processing and packaging center

A

Golgi Apparatus

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12
Q

involved with energy-releasing chemical reaction (cellular respiration)

power plants of the cell

composed of inner and outer membranous sacs

each mitochondrion contains one DNA molecule

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes

have protective function (eat microbes)

formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (programmed cell death)

A

Lysosomes

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14
Q

Two kinds of Centrosome

A
  • Microtubule
  • Centrioles
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15
Q

organizing region of the cytoskeleton near the nucleus

A

Microtubule

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16
Q

paired organelles that lie at right angles to each other within the centrosome and function in moving chromosomes during cell reproduction

A

Centrioles

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17
Q

Three kinds of Cell Extensions

A
  • Microvilli
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
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18
Q

short extensions of the plasma membrane

increase surface area and produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell

A

Microvilli

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19
Q

hairlike extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surfaces of all cells

serve sensory functions, but some are also capable of moving together in a wavelike fashion to propel mucus across a surface

A

Cilia

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20
Q

single projections that act as “tails” of sperm cells

much longer than cilia

A

Flagella

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21
Q

controls cell because it contains most of the genetic code (genome)

DNA molecules become tightly coiled chromosomes during cell division

46 nuclear chromosomes contain DNA, which contains genetic code

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

instructions for making proteins which in turn determine cell structure and function

23
Q

every human cell has a designated function:

Study These Flashcards
A

some help maintain the cell, and others regulate life processes

24
Q

specialized functions of a cell differ depending on

Study These Flashcards
A

number and type of organelles

25
usually separated by extracellular fluids that allow transport of nutrients and waste to and from the bloodstream
plasma membranes of adjacent cells
26
protein attachments between adjacent cells bears a shaped structure from which protein fibers extend into the cytoplasm act like spot welds to hold together tissues that undergo considerable stress (such as skin or heart muscle
Desmosomes
27
tightly stitched seams between cells completely encircles each cell preventing the movement of material between the cell characteristic of cells lining the digestive tract, where materials are required to pass through cells to penetrate the bloodstream
Tight Junctions
28
narrow tunnels between cells that consist of proteins called connexons allow communication between cells through the exchange of materials or the transmission of electrical impulses
Gap Junctions
29
the human body is composed of approximately
200 distinctly different types of cells
30
four basic tissues
1. Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue 4. Nervous tissue
31
covers body and lines body cavities cells packed closely together with little matrix
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
32
flat and scale like
Squamous
33
cube-shaped
Cuboidal
34
higher than they are wide
Columnar
35
varying shapes that can stretch
Transitional
36
describes a single layer of cells
Simple epithelium
37
described epithelium consisting of multiple layers
Stratified epithelium
38
described a single layer of cells of different sizes, giving the appearance of being multilayered
Pseudostratified epithelium
39
single layer of scale like cells adapted for transport (e.g. absorption)
Simple Squamous Epithelium
40
several layers of closely packed cells specializing in protection
Stratified squamous Epithelium
41
tall, column-like cells arranged in a single layer; contain mucus producing goblet cells; specialized or absorption
Simple Columnar Epithelium
42
up to 10 layers of roughly cuboidal cells that distort to squamous shape when stretched; found in body areas that stretch, such as urinary bladder
Stratified transitional Epithelium
43
single layer of distorted columnar cells; each cell touches basement membrane
Pseudostratified Epithelium
44
single layer of cube-like cells often specialized for secretory activity; may secrete into ducts, directly into blood, and on body surface
Simple cuboidal epithelium
45
most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body with many different types, appearances, and functions relatively few cells in intercellular matrix
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
46
types of connective tissue
- Areolar (loose connective) tissue - Adipose (fat) tissue - Reticular tissue - Dense fibrous tissue - Bone tissue - Cartilage tissue - Blood tissue
47
fibrous glue (fascia) that holds organ together; collagenous and elastic fibers, plus a variety of cell types
Areolar (loose connective) tissue
48
lipid storage, metabolism regulation; brown fat produces heat
Adipose (fat) tissue
49
delicate net of collagen fibers, as in bone marrow
Reticular tissue
50
bundles of strong collagen fibers
Dense fibrous tissue
51
matrix is calcified; functions as support and protection
Bone tissue
52
matrix is consistency of gristle-like gel
Cartilage tissue
53
matrix is fluid; functions are transportation and protection
Blood tissue

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