SAS mod 3

Question 1

complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

Answer 1

Culture (Tyler, 1870)

Question 2

a fuzzy set of basic assumptions and values, orientations to life, beliefs, policies, procedures and behavioural conventions that are shared by a group of people, and that influence (but do not determine) each member’s behaviour and his/her interpretations of the ‘meaning’ ofother people’s behaviour

Answer 2

Culture (Spencer-Oatey, 2008)

Question 3

Culture is ______

Answer 3

associated with social groups

Question 4

Cultural knowledge include (5)

Answer 4

1. attitudes
2. perceptions of reality
3. standards of morality
4. notions of the proper way to live
5. belief systems (Kottack, 2006)

Question 5

include how people act in situations and how they conduct themselves amidst other people, including what they do when experiencing emotions (Kottack, 2006).

Answer 5

Cultural behavior

Question 6

all the natural and human-created objects to which people have attached meaning (Ferrante, 2011)

Answer 6

Material Culture

Question 7

non-physical things such as ideas, values, beliefs, and rules that shape a culture.

Answer 7

Nonmaterial Culture

Question 8

“both a conscious and an unconscious conditioning process where a man, as child and adult, achieves competence in his culture, internalizes his culture and becomes thoroughly enculturated (Adamson Hoebel)“

Answer 8

Enculturation

Question 9

Through enculturation, _________ which accounts for people thinking and acting in certain ways that might be __________.

Answer 9

people share experiences, beliefs, and values; considered characteristics of that group

Question 10

According to Margaret Mead (1963), it is a process distinct from socialization in that enculturation refers to the actual process of cultural learning with a specific culture

Answer 10

enculturation

Question 11

personality is obtained from culture

Answer 11

Franz Boas

Question 12

Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict, believe that culture _______

Answer 12

shapes a person’s personality

Question 13

The assumption is that people who were brought up in the same culture have ______

Answer 13

common personality traits

Question 14

A person’s concept of self-esteem also corresponds to the _______

Answer 14

value priorities of a cultural context

Question 15

the process of learning the society’s culture that new members of a society go through (Eitzen & Zinn, 1991)

Answer 15

Socialization

Question 16

learning process that transforms a new member of a society into someone who knows how to live with others in that society

Answer 16

Socialization

Question 17

While becoming a part of a culture, the individual members also assumes a member a _________

Answer 17

sense of self or identity

Question 18

Socialization is a ____________, as throughout the life course, a person has to learn __________

Answer 18

womb-to-tomb (lifelong process); socially approved and culturally appropriate behavioural expectations.

Question 19

enables us to see how general patterns in society are manifested by the individual members.

Answer 19

Socialization

Question 20

Each individual is a ______

Answer 20

“micro” representation of society and culture.

Question 21

It emerges through socialization

Answer 21

The social self

Question 22

Socialization, from the point of view of society: to make the new individual members __________; to teach new members how to ___________

Answer 22

“similar” to or like the other members; become what society sees as acceptable

Question 23

Socialization, from the point of view of the individual: _________

Answer 23

to have a sense of self, an identity

Question 24

“a sense of group affiliation based on a distinct heritage or worldview as a people” (Miller, 2005)

Answer 24

Ethnicity

Question 25

According to Eitzen & Zinn, 1991, ethnicity is

Answer 25

“the condition of being culturally rather than physically distinctive”

Question 26

According to ________, ethnicity is a “shared cultural heritage

Answer 26

(Macionis, 2010)

Question 27

People who share, believe they share, or are believed by others to share a national origin; a common ancestry; a place of birth; distinctive concrete social traits (such as religious practices, style of dress, body adornments, or language); or socially important physical characteristics (such as skin color, hair texture, body structure) (Ferrante, 2011)

Answer 27

Ethnicity

Question 28

Indicator of identity

Answer 28

ethnicity

Question 29

Socially ascribed status

Answer 29

Ethnicity

Question 30

subsumed under membership in a particular subcultural group (i.e. Being a Filipino vs being a Waray)

Answer 30

ethnic identity

Question 31

Belonging to an ethnic group means belonging to a _______

Answer 31

subculture

Question 32

culture that is shared by most people within a large society.

Answer 32

Dominant/ Mainstream Culture

Question 33

Groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, beliefs, symbols, language, or material culture (Ferrante, 2011).

Answer 33

Subculture

Question 34

“dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical system that determine his unique adjustments to his environment (Allport ,1961, as cited in Hall, Lindsey & Campbell, 1998)

Answer 34

Personality

Question 35

is a dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings. (Allport, 1961)

Answer 35

Personality

Question 36

Is a stable set of behavioral and experiential characteristics of an individual (American Psychological Association, 2014)

Answer 36

Personality

Question 37

Consistency within the individual and difference between individuals (Child, 1968)

Answer 37

personality

Question 38

characteristic patterns of behavior within an individual (Allport, 1961)

Answer 38

Personality

Question 39

Personality is an Internal process that guides _______ and is ________

Answer 39

behavior; relatively stable

Question 40

Three Principles Explaining Personality

Answer 40

1) consistency 2) causation 3) Organization

Question 41

helps establish consistency in the individual’s observable qualities and characteristics

Answer 41

Consistency

Question 42

Personality appears as an underlying force, influencing a person’s interactions with a social environment

Answer 42

Causation

Question 43

delineate a dew salient qualities of an individual, which are supposed to relate to one another. Represents a summary of an individual

Answer 43

Organization

Question 44

Big five traits

Answer 44

1) Neuroticism 2) Extroversion 3) Agreeableness 4) Conscientiousness 5) openness to experience (Costa and McCrae, 1985)

Question 45

provides the context for individual development

Answer 45

Culture

Question 46

An individual is not a ______ receiver of culture

Answer 46

passive

Question 47

The individual _______ with the culture and negotiates what _________ are important to the individual self

Answer 47

negotiates; aspects of culture

Question 48

showing one’s thoughts and feelings

Answer 48

Self Expression

Question 49

(T/F) People from different backgrounds and experiences express their choices, preferences, and belief ins diverse ways.

Answer 49

true

Question 50

Motivation for self-expression ___________

Answer 50

vary across culture

Question 51

The sense of individuality that is reflected in self-expression is _________ and allows freedom and creativity

Answer 51

self-affirming

Question 52

According to Santrock (2008), It is a self-portrait composed of components. The individual puts these components together in a ______ in order to which s/he is committed:

Answer 52

identity; long process

Question 53

9 components of self-portraits

Answer 53

1) vocational, career identity 2) political identity 3) religious identity 4) relationship identity 5) achievement/intellectual identity 6) sexual identity 7) interest 8) personality 9) physical identity

Question 54

According to Erik Erikson’s View of Identity during Adolescence, it typically surfaces during adolescence

Answer 54

Questions about identity

Question 55

adolescents are faced with having to decide _____, _______, ________

Answer 55

who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life

Question 56

society leaves adolescents “relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities” to search and experiment with different roles and find out where they fit in the world.

Answer 56

Psychological moratorium

Question 57

Classification is based on the existence of or extent of crisis or commitment.

Answer 57

The Four Identity Statuses

Question 58

who: The Four Identity Statuses

Answer 58

James Marcia (1994)

Question 59

defined as a period during which the individual is exploring alternatives.

Answer 59

crisis

Question 60

personal investment in identity

Answer 60

Commitment

Question 61

The Four Identity Statuses (4)

Answer 61

1) Identity diffusion 2) Identity foreclosure 3) Identity moratorium 4) Identity achievement

Question 62

The status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any Commitments

Answer 62

Identity diffusion

Question 63

The status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced crisis

Answer 63

Identity foreclosure

Question 64

The status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined

Answer 64

Identity moratorium

Question 65

The status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment

Answer 65

Identity achievement

Question 66

is an aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership (Phinney et al.,2006).

Answer 66

Ethnic identity

Question 67

Many adolescents come from an ethnic group and are part of another cultural group. They resolve this by adopting a _________

Answer 67

bicultural identity

Question 68

identifying in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with their majority culture (Phinney and Ong, 2007).

Answer 68

Bicultural identity

Question 69

how individuals perceive themselves in relation to others, particularly the level of connectedness with and separateness from others, based upon culturally shared assumptions (Markus and Kitayama, 1991).

Answer 69

Self construal

Question 70

The ____________ dimension is one of the most noteworthy distinctions among cultures (Triandis, 2001)

Answer 70

collectivism-individualism

Question 71

In collectivist cultures, people are ___________ (family, tribe, nation, etc.), give priority to the _________, shape their behavior primarily on the basis of ingroup norms and behave in a communal way” (Mills and Clark, 1982, in Triandis, 2001)

Answer 71

independent within their in-groups; goals of their in-groups

Question 72

“in individualist societies people are ______________; they give priority to their _________ over the goals of their in-groups, they behave primarily on the basis of their attitudes rather than the norms of their in-groups and exchange theory adequately predicts their social sbehavior” (Triandis, 2001).

Answer 72

autonomous and independent from their in-groups; personal goals

Question 73

Culture plays a role on how the self is construed -an independent or an interdependent self-construal can become ___________based on culture (Markus and Kitayama, 1991)

Answer 73

more salient

Question 74

It is the self that is based on unique individual attributes and dispositions.

Answer 74

The independent self-construal

Question 75

The self is validated through the ___________. Values autonomy, individuality, and self-expression

Answer 75

individual’s personal achievements and successes

Question 76

defined as the self in terms of the person’s social roles/positions.

Answer 76

The interdependent self-construal

Question 77

The self is validated through _______, and evaluated based on the __________ relative to the realm of acceptable norms. Values belongingness, harmony, and cooperation with the other members of the culture.

Answer 77

one’s performance of duties and obligations; execution of behaviors

Question 78

These two self-construals account why people from different cultures have differing _____________

Answer 78

cognitions, emotions, and motivations.

Question 79

One’s identity and sense of self is ___________ as changes in the structure of society will have an effect on how one constructs identity and understands the process of identity construction.

Answer 79

not permanent

Question 80

It has become both a source and a consequence of engaging the society and culture in a discourse on “what is appropriate and acceptable” expression of one’s sense of self.

Answer 80

Social change

Question 81

Pushed the notion that there are various shapes, sizes and hues of individuals, and one mold that fits all is no longer a plausible image for all of the members of society.

Answer 81

Social movements

Question 82

The ________ is at the center of various forces spawned by globalization as seen in how societies have accommodated cultures from various points.

Answer 82

self

Question 83

“Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both” (C.W. Mills, 1959)

Answer 83

Sociological Imagination