Satisfaction, Commitment, & Stress

Question 1

Satisfaction & Commitment

research provides evidence that this job-related concept is stable over time & across jobs & careers

Answer 1

job satisfaction

Question 2

Satisfaction & Commitment

list the 3 concepts that have been linked to the stability of job satisfaction

Answer 2

1) self-esteem (with higher levels being associated with higher levels of both job & life satisfaction
2) affective disposition (tendency to respond to a variety of situations in a similarly favorable or unfavorable way
3) genetic predisposition (to respond to work in a particular way)

Question 4

Satisfaction & Commitment

Arvey et al.’s (1989) study of male identical twins separated soon after birth found that the twins had similar levels of this as adults

Answer 4

job satisfaction

Question 5

Satisfaction & Commitment

Arvey et al.’s (1989) study examining job satisfaction with adult male identical twins separated soon after birth allowed them to conclude that about ____% of observed variability in job satisfaction scores is attributable to genetic factors

Answer 5

30%

Question 6

Satisfaction & Commitment

list the 3 types of organizational justice

Answer 6

1) distributive
2) procedural
3) interactional

Question 7

Satisfaction & Commitment

this type of justice refers to the fairness of the distribution of resources & other outcomes

Answer 7

distributive justice

Question 8

Satisfaction & Commitment

this type of justice refers to the fairness of the procedures used to determine outcomes

Answer 8

procedural justice

Question 9

Satisfaction & Commitment

this type of justice refers to the fairness of the way that outcomes are communicated to workers and is divided into 2 subtypes: interpersonal & informational

Answer 9

interactional justice

Question 10

Satisfaction & Commitment

this type of interactional justice refers to how people are treated in interactions

Answer 10

interpersonal interactional justice

Question 11

Satisfaction & Commitment

this type of interactional justice refers to how information is explained

Answer 11

informational interactional justice

Question 12

Satisfaction & Commitment

which type of justice is most highly related to job satisfaction

Answer 12

all 3 types are positively related to job satisfaction, with no clear consensus about which type is most hightly related

Question 13

Satisfaction & Commitment

job satisfaction has been linked to longevity & psychological and physical health, with the correleation between job satisfaction and ____ health being somewhat higher than the correlation between job satisfaction and ____ health

Answer 13

psychological health being somewhat higher than the correlation between job satisfaction and physical health

Question 14

Satisfaction & Commitment

Iaffaldano & Muchinsky’s (1985) meta-analysis found the average correlation coefficient for job satisfaction & performance to be ____; however, Judge et al. (2001) aruged the previous study’s methodology was flawed and produced a coefficient of ____

Answer 14

.17; .30

Question 15

Satisfaction & Commitment

some research provides evidence that the relationship between job satisfaction & performance is stronger when pay & other reinforcers are closely linked to performance, which suggests that reinforcement is a ____ variable & that performance affects ____ rather than vice versa

Answer 15

moderator variable; affects satisfaction

Question 16

Satisfaction & Commitment

list the 3 main types of organizational commitment

Answer 16

1) affective
2) continuance
3) normative

Question 17

Satisfaction & Commitment

this type of organizational commitment refers to the extent of an employee’s emotional attachment to the organization

Answer 17

affective commitment

Question 18

Satisfaction & Commitment

this type of organizational commitment refers to the extent to which an employee believes they must stay with the organization for financial reasons or because of a lack of alternative opportunities

Answer 18

continuance commitment

Question 19

Satisfaction & Commitment

this type of organizational commitment refers to the extent to which an employee is loyal to the organization and feels obligated to stay with it

Answer 19

normative commitment

Question 20

Satisfaction & Commitment

this job attitude ties an individual to an organization & has a somewhat larger correlation coefficient with satisfaction than with other job outcomes (e.g., performance or turnover)

Answer 20

organizational commitment

Question 21

Satisfaction & Commitment

which type of organizational commitment is most highly & consistently correlated with a variety of job outcomes

Answer 21

affective commitment

Question 22

Stess & Burnout

list the 3 stages of General Adaptation Syndrome and characteristics of each stage

Answer 22

1) alarm reaction stage: sympathetic nervous system is activated and epinephrine, cortisol, & adrenaline are released, which increases heart & respiration rates and glucose levels and causes other physical changes associated with the fight-or-flight response
2) resistance stage: some physiological functions return to normal while cortisol continue to circulate, which helps the body maintain high energy & cope with the stressor
3) exhaustion stage: loss of body’s ability to maintain elevated hormone levels, physiological processes begin to break down

Question 23

Stess & Burnout

list 4 potential consequences of prolonged exposure to stress according to General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 23

1) immune system suppression & increased risk of infection
2) increased blood pressure & increased risk of heart attack
3) increased risk of headaches, indigestion, & insomnia
4) potential damage to the hippocampus & can’t form new long-term memories

Question 24

Stess & Burnout

list 3 sources of work-related stress

Answer 24

1) lack of control (over work-related factors)
2) work-family conflict
3) downsizing

Question 25

# **Stess & Burnout** this source of stress can be related to scheduling, pace of work, or other work-related factors and has been linked to higher levels of psychological & physical symptoms and poorer job outcomes

Answer 25

lack of control

Question 26

# **Stess & Burnout** Spector's (1986) meta-analysis indicated that low perceived control at work is related to what 4 outcomes

Answer 26

1) job **dissatisfaction** 2) reduced **performance** 3) emotional **distress** 4) **health** problems

Question 27

# **Stess & Burnout** research has also linked (machine- or self-paced) work to higher-than-normal levels of the stress hormone cortisol

Answer 27

**machine-paced** work

Question 28

# **Stess & Burnout** this is a major source of stress that occurs when workers experience conflict between the roles they fulfull at work and in their personal life and has been linked to a number of undesirable outcomes

Answer 28

work-family conflict

Question 29

# **Stess & Burnout** research has shown that: A) women show higher levels of work-family conflict than men B) men show higher levels of work-family conflict than women C) women show lower levels of work-family conflict D) men and women show similar levels of work-family conflict

Answer 29

D) men and women show similar levels of work-family conflict

Question 30

# **Stess & Burnout** for research that included only dual-earner couples, (men/women) reported slightly greater work-to-family interference, while (men/women) reported slightly greater family-to-work interference

Answer 30

men; women

Question 31

# **Stess & Burnout** this term refers to the planned elimination of jobs to maximize efficiency and reduce labor costs

Answer 31

downsizing

Question 32

# **Stess & Burnout** this concept, often experienced by workers who have maintained their position after downsizing, is characterized by reduced job satisfaction and organizational commitment, a sense of loss of control, somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression, insomnia, & guilt about maintaining their position

Answer 32

survivor syndrome

Question 33

# **Stess & Burnout** list 2 factors attributed to survivor syndrome

Answer 33

1) a sense of **unfairness** 2) a **reduction in trust** caused by the organization's **violation of the psychological contract**

Question 34

# **Stess & Burnout** this concept is associated with survivors syndrome and refers to the implied exchange relationship that exists between an employee & the organization

Answer 34

psychological contract

Question 35

# **Stess & Burnout** list 2 ways to **reduce the negative effects of downsizing** for both victim & survivors

Answer 35

**fair procedures** to determine which employees will be laid off that are **clearly communicated** to employees

Question 36

# **Stess & Burnout** this term refers to the potential consequence of chronic work-related stress and consists of 3 core characteristics: *exhaustion, depersonalization & cynicism, and a sense of inefficacy*

Answer 36

job burnout

Question 37

# **Stess & Burnout** list an early sign of burnout

Answer 37

an increase in time & effort put into work without an increase in productivity

Question 38

# **Stess & Burnout** early burnout is often accompanied by these 4 symptoms

Answer 38

1) irritability 2) negativity 3) social withdrawal 4) somatic symptoms

Question 39

# **Stess & Burnout** Maslach et al. (2001) proposed that the risk for burnout increases when there's a mismatch between the individual and these 6 aspects of the work environment

Answer 39

1) workload 2) control 3) reward 4) community 5) fairness 6) values

Question 40

# **Stess & Burnout** list 3 individual characteristics that have been linked to resistance to stress

Answer 40

1) hardiness 2) organization-based self-esteem 3) Type A behavior patter

Question 41

# **Stess & Burnout** this personality trait linked to resistance to stress increases a person's resistance to the harmful effects of stress and refers to individuals who have a sense of control over their own lives, a sense of commitment to family & work, and tendency to view new experiences as challenges rather than threats

Answer 41

hardiness

Question 42

# **Stess & Burnout** research has confirmed that hardiness not only increases resistance to stress but also is associated with what?

Answer 42

better physical & mental health

Question 43

# **Stess & Burnout** this refers to employees' perceptions of their value as organization members and is associated with higher levels of job satisfaction & organization commitment, as well as job stress (e.g., people with low levels of this are more likely to be affected by stress & more passive in coping with it than those with high levels)

Answer 43

organizational-based self-esteem (OBSE)

Question 44

# **Stess & Burnout** this is characterized by a chronic sense of time urgency, excessive competitiveness, & hostility, has been linked to an increased risk for coronary heart disease, and is associated with increased susceptibility to the negative effects of stress

Answer 44

the Type A behavior pattern

Question 45

# **Stess & Burnout** though not entirely consistent, research provides some evidence that, of the core characteristics, this is **most associated with an increased risk for heart disease**

Answer 45

hostility