SB - 4-7 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
mechanical advantage is the measure of ____ ____ of al ever system
A
mechanical efficiency
2
Q
mechanical advantage is dependent on the type of ___ system and the _____ between the torque of an ____ force and the torque of a ___ force
A
lever
relationship
external
muscular
3
Q
m ad =
A
mechanical advantage
4
Q
EA =
A
effort arm
5
Q
effort arm is the distance between ____ and where ___ ___ is applied
A
fulcrum
effort force
6
Q
RA =
A
resistance arm
7
Q
resistance arm is the distance between ____ and where the ___ ___ is applied
A
fulcrum
resistance force
8
Q
third-class levers = ____ contraction
A
concentric
9
Q
third class always at a mechanical _____
A
disadvantage
10
Q
third class levers - the effort force magnitude must always ____ the resistance force magnitude
A
exceed
11
Q
third class levers - mechanical advantage ___ ___ 1
A
less than
12
Q
second class levers = ___ contraction
A
eccentric
13
Q
second class levers are always at mechanical _____
A
advantage
14
Q
second class levers - the effort force magnitude can be ___ ___ the resistance force magnitude
A
less than
15
Q
second class levers - mechanical advantage ___ ___ 1
A
greater than
16
Q
second class levers - allowing for ___ control
A
fine
17
Q
first class lever may be mechanical ____. ____, or ____
A
advantage, disadvantage, neutral
18
Q
first class levers are more often at mechanical ____ in the human body because the resistance arm tends to be much ____ than the effort arm
A
disadvantage
resistance
effort
19
Q
first class levers - mechanical advantage ___, ____, or ___ to 1
A
greater
less
equal
20
Q
open chain
A
one end of a segment or set of segments is free to move in space
21
Q
open chain - each joint can move _____ of the others
A
independent
22
Q
closed chain
A
both ends of a segment or set of segments are constrained and not move to move in space
23
Q
closed chain - joints are ____ when movement occurs
A
effected
24
Q
form ____ function
A
follows
25
form also includes the composition of a ___
joint
26
human CT and joints depend on ____ to assume final form; they can adapt to ___ demands even after they've achieved mature form
```
function
functional
```
27
the function of a joint is both dependent on and affects ____ and ___
structure and composition
28
the mobility of a joint is ___ related to joint stability
inversely
29
more movement = ___ stability
less
30
more stable = ____ movement
less
31
wolffs law - adaptation of bone to ____
demands
32
Wolff's law - bone (and CT) remodels to ___
stress
33
bone and collagen have electric fields which exhibit ____ properties
piezoelectric
34
increased tension = ___ effect which has a ___ charge
anode
| positive
35
positive charge attracts ___
osteoclasts
36
increased compression = ___ effect which as a ___ charge
cathode
| negatice
37
negative charge attracts ____
osteoblasts
38
the change in electrical flow ___ and ___ cells of remodeling
attracts
| realigns
39
tensile forces attract ___
osteoclasts
40
compressive forces attract ____
osteoblasts
41
CT proper varies in ___ and ___
density and eleasticity
42
cartilage has ___, ___, and ____
hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
43
2 types of bone
compact and spongy
44
bone is the ___ CT due to inorganic ___
hardest
| hydroxyapatite
45
blood is fluid with ___ components
cellular
46
collagen is the most ___ protein in the human body
abundant
47
collagen is the main substance of ___ ___
connective tissue
48
collagen is sometimes referred to as the ___ of the body
glue
49
collagen accounts for ___-___% of all protein found in mammals
25-30
50
collagen has tremendous ___ strength; proves the ____ integrity of CT
tensile
| functional
51
ligaments connect ___ to ___
bone to bone
52
ligaments have __ cells with ___ extracellular matrix
few
| much
53
ligaments have mostly ___ with some ___
collagen
| elastin
54
tendon connect ___ to ___
muscle to bone
55
tendons have a similar composition as ___
ligaments
56
bursae are flat sacs of ___ membrane containing ___ fluid
synovial
| synovial
57
cartilage is made up of mostly ___
collagen
58
3 types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
59
fibrocartilage is ___ in color
white
60
fibrocartilage is ___ with limited ___
tough
| mobility
61
fibrocartilage occurs in joints with ___ motion
limited
62
IVDs, labra, SIs what kind of cartilage
fibrocartilage
63
hyaline cartilage is ____
articular
64
hyaline is ___ and very ___
tough
| smooth
65
hyaline cartilage occurs at the ___ of bones
ends
66
hyaline greatly reduces ___
friction
67
elastic cartilage is __ in color
yellow
68
elastic cartilage is also called ___
elastin
69
elastic is very ___ and ____
flexible
| resilient
70
ears, nose, skin, etc has ___ cartilage
elastic
71
ligaments are 20% ___ and 80% ____
cellular
| extracellular
72
tendons are more ___
cellular
73
cellular components of tissue account for ___ and ___ of extracellular matrix
synethesis and maintenance
74
extracellular matrix has 2 components
non-fibrous
| fibrous
75
non fibrous components have 2 components
glycoproteins
| proteoglycans
76
non fibrous components provide ___ support for cells, ___ and ____ water
structural
attracts
binds
77
fibrous components of extracellular matrix provides ___, ___ support and ___
framework
structural
elasticity
78
load
external forces applied to a structure
79
load produces ____
deformation
80
stress
internal reaction to applied force
81
strain
relative material deformation resulting from stress
82
toe region
slack is removed with minimal force
83
elastic region
the structure returns to its original dimensions
84
yield point
between elastic and plastic regions
85
plastic region
deformation is permanent
86
ultimate failure point
material fails under loadt
87
tissue slack =
toe region
88
end range =
elastic region
89
push/exceed elastic region
sprain (plastic region)
90
when in the elastic region the structure is able to _____ to its original dimension
return
91
in the plastic region the deformation is ____
permanent
92
at the ultimate failure point the material ____ under load
fails
93
tensile loading creates ____ stress and strain
tensile
94
compressive loading creates _____ stress and strain
compressive
95
shear loading is the result of ____ equal forces in ____ directions
parallel
| opposite
96
torsion loading is the result of forces applies ___ to the ___ axis of a structure
perpendicular
| long
97
bending forces combined ___ and ___ stresses and strains
tension
| compression
98
viscosity is a materials resistance to ___; a ___ property
flow
| fluid
99
elasticity os a material's ability to ___ after deformation
recover
100
creed - material deformation to a ___ load; the original form is ___ after the load is removed; one characteristic of ____
maintained
regained
viscoelasticity
101
rupture
failure, tearing and disruption of CT fibers; usually tendons, ligaments, and other soft tissue structures
102
avulsions
tearing off of a bony attachments
103
fracture
a failure of bony tissue
104
grade I sprain
only few fibers involved; good chance of recovery
105
grade II sprain
more fibers involved and partial tearing; does not completely recover
106
grade III sprain
complete rupture; no chance of revoceryl possible bone involvement
107
bon can withstand significantly more _____ forces than _____ forces before failure
compressive
| tensile
108
tendons - good ____ strength; a ___ in tensile forces leads to ___, especially at the ____ junction; most vulnerable at the ____
```
tensile
reduction
atrophy
musculotendonous
ends
```
109
ligaments - similar to ____; ___ tensile strength but can handle a wide range of ____ directions better than tendons; immobilization can lead to ____; much ___ recovery time than tendons
```
tendons
less
load
atrophy
longer
```
110
cartilage - responds well to ___ forces and recovers ___ due to fluid exudation and imbibitions
compressive
| rapidly
111
synarthroses connect ___ components to ___/____ CT
bony
| fibrous/cartilaginous
112
cranial sutures, gomphoses and symdesmosis examples of ___ types of syndesmoses joints
fibrous type of syndesmoses
113
pubic symphysis, IVDs, and areas of bone growth are examples of ___ types of syndesmoses
cartilaginous type of syndesmoses
114
diarthroses connect ___ surfaces indirectly by means of a ___ ___
bony
| joint capsule
115
5 features of a diarthroses joint
```
a joint capsule
a joint cavity
inner lining of synovial tissue
synovial fluid
hyaline cartilage on joint surfaces
```
116
uniaxial synovial joints - motion occurs in ___ plane and around a ___ axis of rotation
one
| single
117
hinge joint example
fingers
118
pivot joint examples
median atlantoaxial joint (dens)
119
biaxial synovial joints - motion occurs in __ planes and around ___ axes of rotation
two
| two
120
condyloid joints - has 1 ___ and 1 ___ surface that __ over each other in 2 directions
concave
convex
slide
121
condyloid joint examples
MCPs
| occipital condyles
122
saddle joints - each joint surface is both ___ in 1 plane and ___ in another
concave
| convex
123
saddle joints example
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
124
triaxial synovial joints - motion is in __ planes and around ___ axes of rotation
three
| three
125
plane joints permit ___ in several directions
gliding
126
plane joints examples
carpal and tarsal bone joints
127
ball and socket joints allow ____ and ___, __ and __, ___ and ___ and combos of all
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
rotation
128
ball and socket joint examples
```
illiofemoral joint (hip)
glenohumeral
```
129
open kinematic chain -
one end of the chain is not fixed and one joint can move independently of others
130
closed kinematic chain -
one end of the chain is fixed creating a closed system; movement of one joint automatically causes movement in others in the chain
131
active ROM
the amount of motion allowed by active voluntary movement my skeletal muscle contraction
132
passive ROM
the amount of motion allowed by passively moving a joint past its active ROM
over pressure - stretching ligs and tendons
involuntary movement
133
end-feel
the "springiness" allowed by the soft tissues at the end of passive ROM
134
normal ROM is also known as ___ or ___
anatomic
| physiologic
135
determining factors for normal ROM include 4 things
joint shape
joint capsule/ligament
muscle/tendon
surrounding structures
136
three main motions for normal ROM
roll
slide
spin
137
slide - one surface ___ over another
glides
138
sliding is purely ____
translatory
139
spin - ___ of 2 surface over another
rotation
140
when adjusting you will have a ___ in the paraphysiological space
cavatation
141
close packed position
joint surfaces?
ligaments and capsules?
joint play?
maximally in contact
ligaments and tendons are maximally tight
minimal joint play
142
loose packed position
joint surfaces?
joint play?
joint surfaces are free to move relative to each other
maximum amount of joint play
any position other than close-packed
143
abduction of the GH joint to 180 degrees requires ___, ___ and ___
roll
slide
spin
144
4 classes of human CT`
CT proper
cartilage
bone
blood
