SB - 8-10 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
motor unit
A
alpha motor neuron in the ant horn of spinal column, its axon and all muscle fibers it innervates
2
Q
contraction
A
result of many motor units firing asynchronously and repeatedly.
3
Q
contraction - the ___ of contraction is dependent on the number of motor units firing
A
magnitude
4
Q
anarobic metabolism
A
no oxygen –> lactic acid
5
Q
concentric contraction -
muscle ___
___ class levers
muscle is the ___ force
A
shortens
3rd
effort
6
Q
eccentric contraction -
muscle ___
___ class levers
muscle is the ___ force
A
lengthens
2n
resistance
7
Q
isometric contraction
muscle ——
___ between effort and resistance forces
A
does not change in length
equilibrium
8
Q
fasia are sheaths of ___ ___
A
CT
9
Q
superficial fascia
A
directly under skin
allow for skin to move
10
Q
deep fascia
A
attached to muscels, bones, and other CY
form bands, tracts and retinacula
11
Q
retinacula
A
sheaths of fascia that hold tendons together
12
Q
fascial planes
A
interconnected throughout the body
13
Q
compartment syndrome
A
muscle belly enlarges and cannot expand bc of the fascia
14
Q
passive tension
A
noncontractile
created by lengthening the muscle beyond the slack length
15
Q
active tension
A
contractile
created by cross-bridge formation
16
Q
total tension
A
the combo of passive and active tension developed during active contraction
17
Q
agonist
A
prime mover
produces desired action
18
Q
antagonist
A
muscle(s) directly opposite the agonist
they do not resist the desired motion, but do have the potential to do so
19
Q
synergist
A
muscles that assist the agonist
20
Q
shortened muscles
A
hyperactive and tight
due to overuse
21
Q
long muscles
A
inhibited and lengthened
antagonist of a tight muscle
22
Q
an imbalance may resulet in ___ movement –> ___ ___
A
faulty
joint dysfunction
23
Q
length assessment
A
separate the origin and insertion
24
Q
CT damage
A
any process or event that disturbs the nromal function of a specific joint structure, including muscle, will set up a chain of events that eventually affects every part of the joint and its surrounding structures
25
disease of CT effects
effects the normal biological function of tissues
26
injury/trauma of CT damages
the physical structure leading to weakening and possible instability and failure
27
immobilization is detrimental to ___ ___ and ___
joint structure and function
28
immobilization can lead to joint capsules and surrounding structures to ___
shorten
29
immobilization can lead to ____ and ___ lose collagen and cross linking ability and thus strength
ligaments and tendons
30
immobilization can lead to the loss of __% of strength of ligaments and tendons in 8 weeks; full recovery can take up to __ months
50
| 18
31
immobilization can lead to ___ ___ developing fibrofatty tissue, adhesions, cartilage atrophy, regional osteoporosis, increased water intake, and decreased proteoglycans
articular cartilage
| hyaline
32
immobilization in shortened postion can lead to ___ ___ __ due to increased development of CT, loss of mass and atrophy
significant structural changes
33
repetative stress injuries
over use, repitive motion, repetitive strain injuries, disoorders or syndromes
34
joint structures are thought to fail due to lack of adequate ___ ____ between loads even though the loads may be within the normal loading rand for the tissue
recovery time
35
repetitive load/strain -->
eventual failure
36
vertebral column was built for ___, ____ and ___
mobility
stability
protection
37
___ vertebrae
33
38
___ discs
23
39
IVDs are cartilaginous smphsis joints consisting of 3 things
annulus
nucleus
end plates
40
2 facet joints
zygopophyseal
| apophyseal
41
audible click from manipulations comes from ___ ___
facet joints
42
accessory motions
small involuntary motions that have to happen for the gross motion to occur
43
4 general motions
flex
extend
rot
lateral flexion
44
coupled motion
consistent association of one motion about an axis with another motion about a different axis
in order for 1 to occur the other has to happen a little too
45
the amount of motion available is determined by the relative ___ of the ____
size
| disc
46
C/S has ____ mobility than the L/S
more
47
typical C/S disc height =
~3mm
48
typical L/S disc height =
~6mm
49
difference between height of C/S disc and L/S disc
~6mm
50
direction of motion is determined by the orientation of the ___
facets
51
C/S facets face ___/____
| direction of motion?
superior/post
| any direction
52
T/S facets face ____
| direction of motion
post
| rotation
53
L/S facets face ____
| direction of motion?
medial
| flex and extend
54
C/S
relatively __
restrict ___ and ___ ___
little effect on ___ and ___
lax
rotatation and lateral bending
flex and extend
55
T/S
| little effet on ___ due to other structures
ROM
56
L/S
| restraint to ___ and ___
rotation and flexion
57
capsules are thickest in ___ and ___ junctions
C/T
| T/L
58
compression result of
reult of gravity, ground reaction forces, and the pull of ligaments and muscles
59
tensile result of
results from resisting motion
60
bending result of
respons in compression and tension
61
torsion result of
created by rotation
62
shear result of
result of translation during flex and extention and lateral bending
63
triangle area of trabecular system on vertebrae reults in ___ resistance
minimum
64
compression fractures occur in the ___ of vertebral bodies
anterior
65
sacral curve
primary
66
thoracic curve
primary
67
cervical curve
secondary
| develops as infants begin to raise their heads to standing upright
68
lumbar curve
secondary
| develops between 1-10
69
spinal curves ___ the vertebral columns resistance to axial compressive forces
increase
70
the resistance of a curved column is directly ____ to the square of the number of curves plus 1
proportional
71
3x3(C/S+T/S+L/S)=
10 times more resistant than a stright column
72
average significance of a curve
95
| 94-96
73
exaggerated curve:
below 94
| dynamic
74
modest curve =
above 96
| static
75
Upper cervical region =
Co, C1, C2
76
Co-C1 allows for ___ degrees of flexion and ___ degrees of extension; total of __ degrees for nodding
15
15
30
77
C1/C2
__ degrees of rotation
___ degrees to both sides
55-58
| 45
78
___ flexion, extension and lateral bending at C1-C2
minimal
79
axis of rotation for C1-C2 starts at the ___ then shifts ____ to the mid-canal and aligns with the axis of the ___ ___
dens
posterior
medulla oblongata
80
C3-C7
| allows for ___ ROM
all
81
C3-C7
| ___% of rotation
40
82
C3-C7 coupled motion of ___ and ___ ____
rotation
| lateral bending
83
greatest neck flexion between C_ and C_
3
| 6
84
C_ and C_ have the greatest range of flex and ext
C5/C6
85
Axis of rotation for C3-C7 is along the ___ aspect of the bodies, at an angle bc of ____
lordosis
86
```
C/S ROM
__ degrees of flexion
___ degrees of extension
___ degrees of rotation (___ degrees at ___-___)
___-___ degrees of lateral bending
```
40
60
80/45
35-45
87
compression load of the head is transferred through __-__ joint to the APs of __, then through the ___ and ___ of the lower C/S
Co-C1 (occipital condyles)
C2
bodies and APs
88
from C3 to C7, the load is carried by ____ column and 1/3 by the two ____ columns
anterolateral
| posterolateral
89
compressive loads are greatest at the end ranges of ___ and ____
flexion
| extension
90
rotation during flexion and extension also ___ loads on the C/S
increases
91
T/S allows for ___ motion
all
92
flex and ext are ___ from T1-T6 and is ___ from T9-T12
limited
| greatest (bc of cage and orientation of facets)
93
lateral bending and rotation are freest in the ___ T/S
upper
94
lowe T/S coupled motion MAY be in the ___ direction. varies among individuals
opposite
95
upper T/S and C/S coupled motion is always in the ____ direction
SAME/ IPSILATERAL
96
axis of rotation for the T/S is at ___ vertebral body
mid
97
```
T/S AROM
___ for flexion
___ for ext
___ for rotation
___ for lat flex
```
45
40
35
20
98
T/S can withstand greater compressive forces than C/S due to the amount of ___ ___ being supported
body weight
99
due to kyphosis, line of gravity falls ___ to the T/S, creating a ___ moment
anterior
| flex
100
flex moment is counteracted in the T/S by the ___ __ and spinal ___ ___
post lig
| extensor muscles
101
the greatest stress in the T/S is at the peak of the ____
kyphosis
102
l/s favors ___ and ___ expecially between __ and ___
flex
ext
L4
S1
103
___ and ___ ___ are limited and mostly occurs in ___ l/s
rot
lat bending
upper
104
couple motion:
lateral bending = flexion and ____ rotation
rotation = ___ lateral bending and slight flexion
ipsi
| contra
105
axis of rotation for l/s is at the ___ SP
mid
106
little or no ___ __ or ___ are possible at L5/S1
lateral bending
| rotation
107
lumbar pelvic rhyth
| involves __ of L/S and __ tilt of the pelvis at the hips
flex
| ant
108
```
L/S AROM
___ flex
___ ext
__ rot
___ lat bending
```
60
20
5
20
109
l/s withstands the compresssive loads of the upper body in ___ and ___ situations
static
| dynamic
110
l/s ___ compressive loads due to muscle ___ and carrying weight
increased
| contraction
111
___% of the load of the l/s is born by the vertebral bodies and IVDs and ___% by the facets
80
| 20
112
l/s compressive loads can increase over __% just from walking
50
113
l/s is subject to ___ shear forces due to the lordodic furve, body weight and ground reaction forces
ant
114
ant shear force of the l/s is resisted by the ___ ___ and ___ __ ___ muscles
facet joints
| deep erector spinae
115
SI joint
| structure and function change significantly with ___ and ___
growth and development
116
SI joint
| motion is ___ and linked to motion at the ___ ___
slight
| pubic symphysis
117
in childhood, SI joint is ___ and allows for gliding in ___ ranges
smooth
| all
118
sacral nutation
sacral promontory (base) moves anterior and inferior while the coccyx moves post
119
sacral counter nutation
sacral promontory moves post and sup while the coccyx moves ant
120
farabeufs theory of sacral nutation
axis of tilt is at the interosseous ligament, just post to the going
121
bonnaires theory of sacral nutation
axis of tilt is at bonnaires tubercle, near the center of the joint
122
weisels theory
1-
2-
1- no axis of tilt; purely translational
| 2- axis is in the pelvic bowl and varies person to persin
123
SI jt suppor a large portion of body weight, therefore __ is extremely important
stability
124
compressive loads of body weight cause a ___ torque on the sacrum
nutation
125
concomitantly, ground reaction forces cause ___ tilt forces on the ilia
post
126
compressive and ground reaction forces are resisted by the intricate system of ligs and muscle attachments that ___ the SI joints
stabilize
127
SI joint irregularities that develop with age also help with ___ by limiting motion while facilitating vertical load bearing
stability
128
pubic symphysis primarily resists ___ forces during gait, although very little movement occurs
shear
129
dislocation of the pubic symphysis creates pelvic instability during gait as well as __ stress on the hip joints and vertebral column
increases
