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Biology SB > SB3 Key Words > Flashcards

SB3 Key Words Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Fertilisation?

A

Fusing of a male gamete with a female gamete.

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2
Q

Clone?

A

All the cells in a clone are genetically identical to each other and to the parent’s cells.

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3
Q

Vertebrate?

A

Animal with bones, such as a human.

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4
Q

Invertebrate?

A

An animal without bones, such as an insect or worm.

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5
Q

Mitosis?

A

The process of diploid cells dividing to produce two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent.

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6
Q

Asexual reproduction?

A

Producing new organisms from one parent only. These organisms are genetically identical to the parent.

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7
Q

Variation?

A

Differences in the characteristics of organisms?

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that needs a male and a female parent.

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9
Q

Chromosome?

A

A structure found in the nuclei of cells. Each chromosome contains one enormously long DNA molecule packed up with proteins.

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10
Q

DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. A polymer made of sugar and phosphate groups joined to bases. One molecule of DNA is found in each chromosome.

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11
Q

Egg cell?

A

The female gamete in humans.

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12
Q

Genome?

A

All the DNA in an organism. Each body cell contains a copy of the genome.

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13
Q

Haploid?

A

A cell or nucleus that has one set of chromosomes. Gametes are haploid.

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14
Q

Sperm cell?

A

The male gamete in humans.

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15
Q

Gamete?

A

A haploid cell used for sexual reproduction.

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16
Q

Meiosis?

A

A form of cell division in which one parent cell produces four haploid daughter cells.

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17
Q

Daughter cell?

A

A cell produced by another cell that has divided.

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18
Q

Polymer?

A

A molecule made out of a chain of repeating similar units (called monomers).

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19
Q

Zygote?

A

Another term for fertilised egg cell.

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20
Q

Replicate? (DNA)

A

When DNA makes a copy of itself.

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21
Q

Gene?

A

Section of the long strand of DNA found in a chromosome, which often contains instructions for a protein.

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22
Q

Diploid?

A

A cell or nucleus that has two sets of chromosomes. In humans, almost all cells except the sperm and egg cells are diploid.

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23
Q

Hydrogen bond?

A

Weak force of attraction caused by differences in the electrical charge on different parts of different molecules.

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24
Q

Base (in DNA)?

A

Four substances that help make up DNA, often shown by the letters A, C, G and T. Pairs of bases form ‘links’ between two ‘spines’ formed of phosphate groups and a type of sugar.

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25
Adenine?
One of four bases found in DNA. Often written as A.
26
Complementary base pair?
Two DNA bases that fit into each other and link by hydrogen bonds. A + T and C + G
27
Cytosine?
One of four bases found in DNA. Often written as C.
28
Double helix?
Two helices joined together.
29
Guanine?
One of four bases found in DNA. Often written as G.
30
Thymine?
One of four bases found in DNA. Often written as T.
31
Mutations?
A change to a gene caused by a mistake in copying the DNA base pairs during cell division, or by radiation or of certain chemicals.
32
Allele?
Different versions of genes. e.g. eye colour etc.
33
Genetic disorder?
A problem caused by genes.
34
Phenotype?
The characteristics that a certain set of alleles display.
35
Homozygous?
When both the alleles for a gene are the same in an organism, bb or BB
36
Dominant?
Allele that will always affect the phenotype.
37
Genetic diagram?
Diagram showing how the alleles in two parents may form different combinations in the offspring when the parents reproduce.
38
Genetic variation / inherited variation?
Differences between organisms passed on to offspring by their parents in reproduction.
39
Genotype?
The alleles for a certain characteristic that are found in an organism.
40
Heterozygous?
When both the alleles for a gene are different in an organism.
41
Recessive?
Allele that will only affect the phenotype if the other allele is also recessive. It has no affect if the other allele is dominant.
42
Monohybrid inheritance?
The study of how the alleles of just one gene are passed from parents to offspring.
43
Family pedigree tree?
A chart showing the phenotypes and sexes of several generations of the same family, to trach inheritance.
44
Punnett square?
Diagram used to predict the different characteristics in the offspring of two organisms with known combination of alleles.
45
Sex chromosomes?
Chromosome that determines the sex of an organism. Male Y chromo and X chromo. Female two X chromos.
46
Sex - linker genetic disorder?
A disorder caused by genes that are inherited differently in males and females because they are carried on the sex chromosomes.
47
ABO blood groups?
Blood group system in humans which produces four phenotypes: blood groups A, B, AB, O
48
Carrier?
An individual who has a recessive allele but does not show the phenotype caused by that allele.
49
Codominant?
Two alleles that both affect the phenotype, e.g. AB blood group.
50
Human genome project?
The project that mapped the base pairs in the human genome.
51
Environmental variation?
A characteristic that can change during life, due to a change in the environment.
52
Continuous variation?
Continuous data that can take between 2 limits. include length, mass and time.
53
Acquired characteristics?
Differences between organisms caused by environmental factors, such as amount of heat, light, damage.
54
Discontinuous variation?
Data values that can only have one of a set number of options are discontinuous. Includes shoe size and blood groups.
55
Mean? (maths)
An average calculated by adding up the values of a set of measurements and dividing by the number of measurements in the set.
56
Median? (maths)
The middle value in a data set.
57
Mode? (maths)
The most common value in a data set.
58
Range? (maths)
The difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of data. (usually ignoring any outliers or anomalous results)
59
Ribosome?
A protein that attaches to mRNA. It allows transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to match up with the mRNA codons and also joins the amino acids together.
60
Translation?
The process by which the genetic code in a molecule of mRNA is used to make a polypeptide.
61
Transcription?
The process by which the genetic code in one strand of DNA molecules is used to make mRNA.
62
Messenger RNA?
A single strand of RNA produced in transcription.
63
Nuclear pore?
A small hole in the membrane around the nucleus.
64
Ribonucleic acid?
Full name of RNA.
65
Uracil?
A base found in RNA but not in DNA.
66
RNA?
Abbreviation of ribonucleic acid. The molecule is made of phosphate groups and sugars (called ribose) linked together with one of four bases.
67
RNA polymerase?
An enzyme that creates mRNA from DNA.
68
Template strand?
The strand of a DNA molecule that RNA polymerase uses to make mRNA.
69
Polypeptide?
A chain of amino acids.
70
Transfer RNA?
A molecule of RNA that carries an amino acid.
71
Codon?
A set of three bases (a triplet) found in DNA and RNA. The genetic code is formed from patterns of codons.
72
Genetic code?
A set of rules defining how the base order in DNA or RNA is turned into a specific sequence of amino acids joined in a polypeptide chain.
73
tRNA?
Transfer RNA.
74
mRNA?
Messenger RNA.
75
Non coding?
Do not code for amino acids.
76
Coding?
Codes for amino acids.

Biology SB (4 decks)

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