SB4

Question 1

What is the binomial system

Answer 1

The system of naming organisms using Latin words

Question 2

What is evolution

Answer 2

The gradual change in characteristics of a species over time

Question 3

Why can’t we be sure that human-like animals evolved into modern humans

Answer 3

Because there are gaps in fossil evidence

Question 4

What is natural selection

Answer 4

A process in which certain organisms are more likely to survive because they possess certain genetic variations

Question 5

Why should people finish using their antibiotics fully and not stop early

Answer 5

As the antibiotics kill more and more bacteria, more bacteria grow resistant to it and the most resistant bacteria will take the longest to die. This bacteria can replicate and create more resistant bacteria so now the new population of bacteria are fully resistant

Question 6

What causes faster evolution

Answer 6

An external factor, forcing a species to evolve, eg: rats being killed with warfarin led to the entire species being resistant

Question 7

What is a pentadactyl limb

Answer 7

A limb that has five digits (thumbs and fingers) shared by all vertebrate

Question 8

What does the pentadactyl limb suggest

Answer 8

Despite different animals having different limb structures, this would suggest a common ancestor between them

Question 9

How many kingdoms of classification are there

Answer 9

5

Question 10

Why can we not use characteristics for classification

Answer 10

A lot of species look similar but do not have common ancestors, eg: fossa and other types of cats

Question 11

What 3 domains are all organisms divided into

Answer 11

Archaea, eukarya and bacteria

Question 12

What are properties of archaea

Answer 12

Cells with no nucleus, genes contain unused sections of DNA

Question 13

What are properties of bacteria

Answer 13

Cells with no nucleus, no unused sections in genes

Question 14

What are properties of eukarya

Answer 14

Cells with a nucleus, unused sections in DNA

Question 15

What are the main characteristics of animals

Answer 15

Multicellular with cells arranged as tissues and organs, cells with nuclei and no cell walls

Question 16

What are the main characteristics of plants

Answer 16

Multicellular with plants arranged as tissues and organs, have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, cell walls and nuclei

Question 17

What are the main characteristics of fungi

Answer 17

Multicellular (except yeasts), live and feed on dead matter, cells have nuclei, cell walls that contain chitin

Question 18

What are the main characteristics of protists

Answer 18

Mostly unicellular (some are multicellular) cells have nuclei, some have cell walls

Question 19

What are the main characteristics of prokaryotes

Answer 19

Unicellular, cells do not have nuclei, flexible cell walls

Question 20

What is artificial selection

Answer 20

When humans choose certain organisms because they have useful characteristics

Question 21

What is selective breeding

Answer 21

Humans repeatedly breeding a species with desired characteristics for a prolonged period of time

Question 22

State reasons why plants and animals are often selectively bred

Answer 22

• Flavour
• Disease resistance
• Yield
• Coping with certain environmental conditions
• Fast growth

Question 23

What are GMOs

Answer 23

Genetically modified organisms, made by genetic engineering

Question 24

What is genetic engineering

Answer 24

Changing the DNA of one organism by inserting genes from another

Question 25

What is one advantage and disadvantage of genetic engineering

Answer 25

Quicker than artificial selection but it's more expensive

Question 26

What is tissue culture

Answer 26

The growing of cells or tissues in a liquid containing nutrients or on a solid medium

Question 27

What is a callus

Answer 27

A clump of undifferentiated cells

Question 28

What is tissue culture used for

Answer 28

Growing identical cells

Question 29

What is tissue culture used for

Answer 29

Growing identical cells

Question 30

What is the method for tissue culture (cloning plants)

Answer 30

1) Piece of plant is placed in bleach solution to sterilise it 2) Plant hormones added to piece of plant so it grows shoots and roots 3) When plant is large enough, it's placed into soil or compost to grow

Question 31

What are risks of selective breeding

Answer 31

All organisms are very similar so if one organism is affected by a change in condition, all organisms will be effected Alleles needed in the future may not exist Animal welfare, some animals might be so fat that they cannot stand

Question 32

What are some genetic engineering issues

Answer 32

- The seeds for GM plants are expensive - Some think that eating GMOs are bad for health - Some think that GM crops will reproduce with wild plants, passing their resistant genes

Question 33

How is bacteria genetically engineered

Answer 33

1) Restriction enzymes are used to cut a useful gene out of the organism (leaves it with sticky ends) 2) Restriction enzymes are also used to cut plasmids open 3) Two matching sticky ends can be joined using ligase (enzyme) 4) Plasmids are inserted back into bacteria

Question 34

What is yield

Answer 34

The amount of crop we can use

Question 35

What is the Bt toxin

Answer 35

A natural insecticide

Question 36

What is an advantage of Bt toxin

Answer 36

It only affects insects that chew the plant tissues

Question 37

What is a problem with growing plants

Answer 37

- If they make their own insecticide, the insects can become resistant to it - Pests can eat it

Question 38

What is a problem with growing plants

Answer 38

If they make their own insecticide, the insects can become resistant to it

Question 39

How can we solve insect's resistance to insecticide

Answer 39

Produce new GM versions of the plant to replace the varieties that pests are resistant to

Question 40

What is biological control

Answer 40

Using organisms to control pests

Question 41

What are some disadvantages of fertiliser

Answer 41

- If not all fertiliser is absorbed by crops, it can get into streams, rivers and lakes, causing pollution and death of organisms - Can cause health problems in humans and animals if they drink the water

Question 42

What are advantages of fertiliser

Answer 42

-Increases the growth and yield of crop plants