SB5

Question 1

What are pathogens

Answer 1

Microorganisms that cause diseases

Question 2

What are communicable diseases

Answer 2

Diseases that can be passed from an infected person to other people

Question 3

What are non-communicable diseases

Answer 3

Diseases that cannot be passed from person to person, they’re caused by our lifestyle or a problem in our body

Question 4

How can one disease lead to another

Answer 4

One disease could damage the immune system
A disease could cause damage to defences
A disease that stops an organ from working properly

Question 5

What is health

Answer 5

A state of physical and mental well-being

Question 6

What is obesity

Answer 6

Condition when person someone has a BMI over 30, caused by a high fat and sugar diet

Question 7

How can obesity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

Answer 7

Fat can build up in the artery wall, making the artery narrower

Question 8

How can smoking increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

Answer 8

Substances from tobacco smoke damage the artery lining

Question 9

How can a blood clot increase the risk of a heart attack

Answer 9

A blood clot can block an artery, preventing blood flow

Question 10

How can you reduce high blood pressure

Answer 10

Exercising more
Giving up smoking
Medicine

Question 11

How can narrowed blood arteries be widened

Answer 11

A small mesh tube (stent) is inserted in the narrowest part

Question 12

How can blocked arteries be fixed

Answer 12

Inserting other blood vessels so that the heart is supplied with oxygen and nutrients

Question 13

What is cardiovascular disease

Answer 13

A disease that causes the heart and circulatory system the not function properly

Question 14

List 3 ways pathogens can spread

Answer 14

Through water, eg cholera
Through the air, eg sneezes, water droplets
Through direct contact, eg HIV

Question 15

How can you reduce the spread of pathogens

Answer 15

Washing your hands before eating
Providing people with clean water
Reduce direct contact with individuals
Vaccination
Isolation if the disease is highly infectious

Question 16

What is chalara dieback

Answer 16

A communicable disease of ash trees caused by a fungus. A symptom is leaves dying earlier than usual

Question 17

What is cholera

Answer 17

A communicable disease caused by bacterium. It spreads through water and causes diarrhoea

Question 18

What is tuberculosis

Answer 18

A communicable disease caused by bacteria that infects the lungs

Question 19

What is a vector

Answer 19

Organisms that carry pathogens from person to person

Question 20

What is a capsid

Answer 20

A protein coat that surrounds a virus’ genetic material

Question 21

What is lysis

Answer 21

When a cell membrane breaks open and releases everything within it

Question 22

Explain what happens in the lytic cycle

Answer 22

1) Virus attaches to cell and injects its viral genetic material
2) Viral genetic material forms a circle
3) New viral genetic mater and proteins are assembled
4) The cell lyses, releasing viruses

Question 23

Explain what happens in the lysogenic cycle

Answer 23

1) After the genetic material forms a circle, the viral genetic material inserts itself into the bacterial chromosomes
2) Bacterium reproduces with the viral genetic material
3) Viral genetic material separates from bacterial chromosome and this then goes into the lytic cycle

Question 24

How can you study the effect of viruses on bacteria

Answer 24

Using bacterial lawn plates

Question 25

What is nutrient agar

Answer 25

A thin layer where bacteria grows

Question 26

What is the cuticle

Answer 26

The waxy layer on the outer surface of leaves

Question 27

What is a chemical barrier

Answer 27

Use of chemical compounds to defend against attacks by pathogens, such as lysozyme and hydrochloric acid in humans, and poisons and insect repellents in plants

Question 28

What is a physical barrier

Answer 28

A barrier that makes it difficult for pathogens to get into the body, such as skin, mucus and cilia in animals, and cuticles and cell walls in plants

Question 29

What are examples of a physical barriers

Answer 29

Skin Mucus Hair

Question 30

What are examples of chemical barriers

Answer 30

Toxins Sweat Urine

Question 31

How are plants used medically

Answer 31

Used to kill pathogens | Used to produce medicines

Question 32

What are aseptic techniques

Answer 32

Techniques used to keep away all microorganisms

Question 33

What is distribution analysis

Answer 33

Looking at the pattern of where damaged plants occur to see what caused the damage

Question 34

What can you use to identify stress in plants

Answer 34

Drones

Question 35

What is lysozyme

Answer 35

An enzyme that breaks down cells walls of some bacteria

Question 36

What is mucus

Answer 36

A sticky secretion in the lining of many openings that acts as a physical barrier

Question 37

What are ciliated cells

Answer 37

Cells that carry dust and pathogens (substances) away

Question 38

What can help identify an infection

Answer 38

Screening

Question 39

What are antigens

Answer 39

Proteins on the outer surface of a cell

Question 40

What are lymphocytes and what do they do

Answer 40

They're a type of white blood cells with antibodies on their surface. 1) Antibodies that match the shape of the antigens on a pathogen attach to the pathogens which stops the pathogen from working 2) Lymphocytes divide over and over to produce identical clones 3) Some lymphocytes secrete antibodies that stick to the antigens and prevent pathogens from working 4) Other lymphocytes remain in the blood as memory lymphocytes

Question 41

What do memory lymphocytes do

Answer 41

They remain in the blood and provide a faster second response if the same pathogen tries to infect again, making you immune to that pathogen

Question 42

What do vaccines do

Answer 42

They contain weakened/inactive pathogens that include the antigens to trigger a response from white blood cells

Question 43

What is herd immunity

Answer 43

When the majority of people are immunised so those that are not have a low chance of infection

Question 44

Who discovered that mould made penicillin

Answer 44

Alexander Fleming

Question 45

What is penicillin

Answer 45

The first type of antibiotic, made from mould

Question 46

What do antibiotics do

Answer 46

Substances that kill bacteria

Question 47

What is a problem with antibiotics

Answer 47

Bacteria are evolving to have resistance against certain antibiotics

Question 48

List the stages of medicine development

Answer 48

Tested on tissues or cells in a lab Tested on animals Tested on humans (healthy small amount) People with the disease will be given the medicine to work out the correct dose

Question 49

How do pregnancy sticks work

Answer 49

They detect a hormone that is produced during pregnancy and are extra sensitive as the hormone is produced in small amounts. This is achieved by using antibodies to match the hormone (monoclonal antibodies)

Question 50

Why can't we use lymphocytes in pregnancy tests

Answer 50

After they release antibodies, they cannot divide anymore

Question 51

What are hybridoma cells

Answer 51

The fusion of lymphocytes and cancer cells

Question 52

How are hybridoma cells created

Answer 52

1) An antigen is injected into a mouse, the mouse produces lymphocytes 2) Cancer cells are grown in a culture medium 3) Cancer cell and lymphocytes fuse to form hybridoma cells, these can divide and make antibodies

Question 53

Why are monoclonal antibodies so useful

Answer 53

- Can stick to any protein - Can be made to match antigens on a pathogen (and thus identify it) - Can be made to stick to specific cells - Cancer drugs can be attached to them so they can be delivered to cells that need treatment (reducing the amount of drugs needed to kill the cells and risk of damaging healthy cells)