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SB9 Flashcards

(51 cards)

1
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

Non living elements (weather, soil)

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2
Q

Biotic factors?

A

Living elements (plants animals etc)

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3
Q

What is a biosphere

A

All the parts of earth that supports life

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4
Q

Meaning of autotrophic?

A

Organisms that make their own food

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5
Q

What is ecology?

A

The study of the interactions between living organisms
and their biotic and abiotic
environments.

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6
Q

Environment?

A

Surroundings of an organism that affects its life and development

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7
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

All the communities that live in an area with abiotic factors present in the environment.

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8
Q

Structure of carnivore types

A

Primary carnivores (feed on herbivores)

Secondary carnivores(feed on primary carnivores)

Tertiary carnivores(feed on secondary carnivores)

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9
Q

What are decomposers?

A

Heterotrophs; recycle microscopic bits; dead organic matter into inorganic materials for plants

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10
Q

What are trophic levels?

A

Different feeding levels of organisms in an ecosystem

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11
Q

What is biomass

A

The total amount of organic material present in a trophic level

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12
Q

What does biomass in a trophic level signify?

A

The amount of energy in the form of food available to the next trophic level

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13
Q

Why does the amount of available energy in food chains decrease quickly?

A

90% of food chain’s energy lost at each trophic level.

Hence food chains usually have 5 or less links

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14
Q

How does the pyramid of biomass get its shape?

A

Only energy used to make biomass remains available to the next level.

At each trophic level; energy is transferred to surroundings

Less energy available; less biomass produced

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15
Q

How much energy is used to make biomass for the next trophic level?

A

Only 10% of the energy entering a trophic level forms biomass in the next level.

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16
Q

What is a food chain

A

Series of organisms that transfer food; between trophic levels; using one species at each level

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17
Q

Purpose of food webs

A

Accurately show the network of food chains representing the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem

At different trophic levels organisms feed on more than one type of organism

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18
Q

What is competition

A

When two or more organisms of the same or different species compete to use the same limited resources

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19
Q

What is parasitism

A

An organism that lives in or on a host and feeds on it without killing it immediately

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20
Q

Mutualism

A

A cooperative partnership between two different species; both benefit

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21
Q

Commensalism

A

Relationship between two different species where only one benefits and the other remains unharmed.

22
Q

What is coevolution?

A

When two or more different species evolve in response to each other

23
Q

What is biological magnification

A

The concentration of pollutants in organisms increase in higher trophic levels; accumulation of pollutants in fatty tissue of organism.

Organism’s body processes affected; possibly reproductive abilities

24
Q

What is an ecological pyramid

A

A graphical representation designed to show biomass or bio-productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem

25
Three types of ecological pyramids
Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Number Pyramid of energy
26
Pyramid of number?
Graphical representation of number of organisms in the food chain. (can be inverted or upright)
27
Pyramid of biomass?
Graphical representation that depicts biomass existent per unit area in the different trophic levels of an ecosystem.
28
Pyramid of energy?
Graphical model of energy flow in a community (Always upright; second law of thermodynamics; as energy transferred between stores, more and more is wasted)
29
Advantages of ecological pyramid
Easy to understand Gives overall idea of energy transfer between trophic levels
30
Disadvantages of ecological pyramids
Assumes a simple food chain; something that rarely exists in nature Does not take into account if a species belongs to 2 or more trophic levels
31
What are biotic interactions
The relationship between organisms living in close association with each other
32
What is the green house effect?
Energy from sun; short wavelengths; penetrate earth's atmosphere; surface of earth warmed by absorbing energy; earth radiates heat energy back into space; proportion absorbed by Earth's atmosphere
32
How does lichen indicate air quality
Differing amts of lichen indicate levels of sulfur dioxide pollution (tolerant)
33
How does blackspot fungus indicate air quality
If there is no blackspot fungus on rose, air is highly polluted by sulfur dioxide (not tolerant)
34
What is an indicator species
A species whose presence, absence or abundance indicates a certain environment condition, habitat or community
35
What species's indicates polluted water?
Bloodworms and sludgeworm (high population; highly polluted)
36
Indicator species for clean water
High population of stonefly, freshwater shrimp and dragonfly
37
Effect of deforestation on water cycle
Presence of trees; much transpiration Trees cut down; water movement stopped
38
How does deforestation cause leaching of nutrients
Removal of trees exposes soil to rain; nutrients washed from soil into waterways; eutrophication
39
How does deforestation cause soil erosion
Soil is physically removed and washed down streams forming silt which blocks waterways
40
What effect does photosynthesis have on the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis in leaves of trees; 02 and C02 balance When trees cut down; balance disrupted
41
What is monoculture? (agricultural process)
Growing one variety of plant; easy maintenance of conditions; all crops ready for harvest at same time
42
Disadvantages of monoculture
single crop affected by disease; spreads to others less biodiversity; soil is depleted of certain nutrients more than the others
43
What is polyculture?
Growing multiple varieties of crops in the same space; involves crop rotation
44
What is crop rotation?
growing different types of crops in a specific sequence
45
Why do crop rotations include a legume?
Legumes have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria.
46
What may crop rotation be mixed with?
Grazing; animals allowed to graze release manure; nutrients; soil fertilized
47
Benefits of crop rotation
The same nutrient in soil isn't constantly depleted Farmers can grow more than one successful crop Number of pests attacking each crop; less
48
Disadvantages of crop rotation
Reduce economic gain; farmer alternating between high and low value crop Different machines required; expensive
49
Organic farming?
System that avoids the use of synthetic inputs (fertilizers, pesticides,hormones)
50