SCD Midterm 2021

Question 1

Social Validity

Answer 1

relates to the relevance of what you are doing to everyday life, the acceptability of intervention, and the importance of outcomes.

Question 2

Habilitation

Answer 2

relates to the degree to which the person’s repertoire maximizes short and long-term reinforcers for that individual and for others. Essentially, improving a person’s life by maximizing reinforcers and minimizing punishers.

Question 3

4 Types of Bx Goals

Answer 3

(1) Preventative, (2) Setting/Institutional, (3) Concerning Bx, (4) Impairment

Question 4

Bx Goal: Preventative

Answer 4

at-risk behaviors and/or health and safety.

Question 5

Bx Goal: Setting

Answer 5

aligns with purpose or goals of the setting

Question 6

Bx Goal: Concerning Bx

Answer 6

Bx are of concern to individual or others

Question 7

Bx Goal: Impairment

Answer 7

Identified problem is a barrier to everyday functioning

Question 8

Requirements for Objectivity

Answer 8

Observable

Question 9

Requirements for Clarity

Answer 9

(1) unambiguous, (2) no interpretation needed, (3) “average joe” test

Question 10

Requirements for Completeness

Answer 10

(1) inclusions (what counts), (2) exclusions (what doesn’t count), (3) examples + nonexamples.

Question 11

Six Characteristics required of Single Case Design

Answer 11

(1) Administered repeatedly
(2) Consistency of measurement
(3) Capacity to reflect change
(4) Dimensional Scaling
(5) Relevance of the measure
(6) Importance of the measure

Question 12

Define measurement

Answer 12

Process of assigning numbers and units to features of objects or events.

Question 13

Name and describe 3 reasons measurement is important.

Answer 13

(1) Describe phenomena in precise, consistent, verifiable ways.
(2) Verifies the legitimacy of interventions.
(3) Holds people accountable for what they are doing.

Question 14

What are the 3 measureable dimensions of Bx?

Answer 14

Repeatability
Temporal Extent
Temporal Locus

Question 15

Repeatability refers to…

Answer 15

count, rate/frequency, celebration. Instances of behavior can occur repeatedly through time.

Question 16

Temporal Extent refers to….

Answer 16

Duration. Bx occurs during some amount of time.

Question 17

Temporal Locus refers to…

Answer 17

latency, interresponse time (IRT). Behavior occurs at a certain point in time relative to other events.

Question 18

What is a continuous recording measure?

Answer 18

Observer records Bx throughout an observation period.

Question 19

What is a product recording measure?

Answer 19

Measuring tangible outcomes of Bx

Question 20

What is interval recording?

Answer 20

Recording the presence or absence of Bx during repeated, specified time periods (intervals).

Question 21

Advantage of Continuous recording?

Answer 21

Provides an actual measure of Bx.

Point to point correspondence between the Bx and the measure.

Question 22

Disadvantage of Continuous recording?

Answer 22

Can be labor intensive or even impossible given some practical constraints.

Question 23

When would use continuous recording?

Answer 23

Event or duration recording

Question 24

Advantage of product recording?

Answer 24

Observer does not have to be present.

Question 25

Disadvantage of product recording?

Answer 25

The observer cannot necessarily determine who engaged in the behavior, when, at what rate, etc.

Question 26

What is partial interval recording good for and why?

Answer 26

Used for behavior decrease as it overestimate's the occurrence of behavior. Ex: screaming or stereotypies

Question 27

What is whole interval recording good for and why?

Answer 27

Used for behavior increase as it underestimates the occurrence of behavior. Ex: Time engaged in seat work

Question 28

What is momentary time sampling good for and why?

Answer 28

It is good for high frequency Bx and/or Bx increase. It neither over nor underestimates. Ex: Time on task

Question 29

Validity

Answer 29

extent to which your data are relevant to the Bx you are observing.

Question 30

Accuracy

Answer 30

extent to which data matches the true occurrence.

Question 31

Reliability

Answer 31

Yielding the same value when repeatedly exposed to target (consistency)

Question 32

(Measurement Bias & Artifacts) Complexity

Answer 32

Cumbersome; requires a lot of time/materials, interferes with other activities. Requires special training.

Question 33

(Measurement Bias & Artifacts) Reactivity

Answer 33

Data collectors may react to each other's Bx or participants may react to data collectors presence or Bx.

Question 34

(Measurement Bias & Artifacts) Observer Drift

Answer 34

Altering the way a definition is applied over time.

Question 35

(Measurement Bias & Artifacts) Observer Expectations and Feedback

Answer 35

Expectation that a Bx should/shouldn't occur in certain contexts

Question 36

IOA Calculation Total

Answer 36

Uses total count for sessions smaller/larger #

Question 37

IOA Calculation Proportional

Answer 37

Breaks sessions into equal intervals. Agreement score is obtained for EACH interval by dividing smaller # by larger # x100

Question 38

IOA Calculation Exact

Answer 38

Break into equal intervals. Score each as agree/disagree. of agreements / agreements + disagreements

Question 39

IOA Calculation Occurence

Answer 39

only looks at intervals in which someone scored occurrence.

Question 40

IOA Calculation Nonoccurrence

Answer 40

Looking at intervals where at least one person scored "nonoccurrence".

Question 41

IOA Calculation Interval-by-Interval

Answer 41

of agreements of occurrence and nonoccurrence / total number of intervals.

Question 42

Limitation of Total Interval Recording?

Answer 42

Does not ensure that any single recorded instance is the same one that the other observer recorded.

Question 43

Limitation of Proportional Recording?

Answer 43

When Bx is low rate, provides too much credit for agreement on the nonoccurrence of Bx

Question 44

Advantage of Proportional Recording?

Answer 44

Gives partial credit and reduces limitations for total agreement (time is way off but you get agreement for it).

Question 45

Advantage of Exact Recording

Answer 45

Very conservative

Question 46

Disadvantage of Exact Recording?

Answer 46

Can be overly stringent if observers are only off slightly on high rate Bx

Question 47

Limitations of Occurrence Recording

Answer 47

When Bx is high rate, one person could score Bx without looking and still get high scores.

Question 48

Limitations of Nonoccurrence Recording

Answer 48

When Bx is low rate, one person could fall asleep. Conservative for high rate Bx.

Question 49

Limitation of Interval-by-Interval Recording

Answer 49

When Bx is low rate, one person could fall asleep When Bx is high rate, one person could score without looking and still get high scores.

Question 50

Advantages to graphing data over others

Answer 50

Allows for quick and continuous analysis Encourages independent judgment and interpretation Unlikely to miss unstable or weak effects (conservative) Provides a feasible way to provide all the information that allows the reader to make an evaluation.

Question 51

What is the goal of graphing data

Answer 51

Make information as clear as possible

Question 52

What is chart junk?

Answer 52

unnecessary and/or distracting items that do not add to or enrich the amount of information being provided.

Question 53

What is Data:Ink?

Answer 53

The ratio of data displayed to "ink" used. This should be as high as possible. Provide as much info as possible, using the least "ink" possible.

Question 54

3 General Requirements of Single Case Design

Answer 54

(1) Continuous Ax (2) Baseline (and Tx) Ax (3) Stability of Performance