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Psychology- Paper 3- Key Terms > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is schizophrenia?

A

Inability to distinguish their own thoughts and ideas from reality

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2
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What other condition if schizophrenia confused with?

A

Split personality disorder

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3
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
Is schizophrenia more common in men or women?

A

Men

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4
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
Is schizophrenia more common in cities or the countryside?

A

Cities

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5
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
Which class is schizophrenia more common in?

A

The working class

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6
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What do we use to diagnose mental health conditions?

A

DSM-5

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7
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What does using DSM-5 help?

A

Increases reliability
Decreases subjectivity

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8
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is a positive symptom?

A

A symptom taht you gain fro an illness or did not have before the illness

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9
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is as negative symptom?

A

The parting has lost something that they had before the illness

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10
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are delusions?

A

Believe it something that is not true

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11
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is speech poverty?

A

When speech becomes less fluent

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12
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is avolition?

A

A lack of motivation or drive

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13
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are hallucinations?

A

Sensing something that isn’t there

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14
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are delusions of grandeur?

A

When someone believe they are like god

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15
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are delusions of persecution?

A

When you believe Dan individual is out to get you

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16
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are delusions of control, influence and passivity?

A

Belief someone else is controlling your thoughts or actions

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17
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are auditory hallucinations?

A

You think you hear something

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18
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are visual hallucinations?

A

You believe that you see something

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19
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are somatosensory hallucinations?

A

You believe you can feel something

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20
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is speech poverty also known as?

A

Allgolia

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21
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is another word for avolition?

A

Apathy

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22
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What do you need to have so you can be diagnosed with schizophrenia? (Minimum 2)

A

At least one of: delusions, hallucinations or disorganised speech
Disorganised behaviour or negative symptoms

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23
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
How long must the patient be disturbed for before they can be diagnosed?

A

Mist have symptoms for at least a month
And must be disturbed for at least 6 months

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24
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What do symptoms need to cause?

A

A negative effect on some area of their life

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25
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What must symptom snot be due to?

A

Other causes, such as drug use or another illness

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26
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- reliability-
What are the two definitions of reliability?

A

Consistency over time
Consistency between doctors

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27
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- reliability-
What is the first issue?

A

Differnt e between clinicians

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28
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- reliability-
What is the second issue?

A

Difference between patients

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29
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- reliability-
What are the causes of issue one?

A

The classification system may be interpreted differently by different observers

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30
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- reliability-
What are the causes of issue two?

A

Culture- if the culture of patient vs psychiatrist is different it may cause misinterpretation of behaviour

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31
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- validity-
What are the two definitions of validity?

A

Whether you are measuring the thing you are trying to measure.
Whether the results are true.

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32
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- validity-
What is symptom overlap?

A

When a disorder has no pathognomic symptoms (exclusive to the disorder)

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33
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- validity-
What is the basic overview of symptom overlap?

A

Symptoms are not just present for schizophrenia but other disorders too

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34
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- validity-
What is co-morbidity?

A

When an individual suffers with more than one disorder at a time

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35
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- validity-
What is an example of co-morbidity?

A

An individual develops depression as a result of the schizophrenia diagnosis

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36
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia-
How much of the genes are shared between Mz twins?

A

100%

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37
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia-
How much genetic informant it on is shared between Dz reins?

A

50%

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38
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia-
How much genetic information is shared between half siblings?

A

25%

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39
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia-
How much genetic information is shared between cousins?

A

12.5%

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40
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia-
Who conducted the family studies?

A

Gottesman (1991)

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41
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- FS-
What were the findings of Gottesman study?

A

Sharing more genetics with someone who has schizophrenia makes you more likely to have it

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42
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia-
Who did the studies on candidate genes?

A

Ripke (2014)

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43
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- CG-
Is schizophrenia polygenic?

A

Multiple genes have been linked to schizophrenia

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44
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- CG-
What is a genome?

A

Looking at all the genetic material in a human rather than one gene

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45
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- CG-
What do candidate genes lead to?

A

Biological changes that cause symptoms

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46
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- CG-
What was Ripkes study?

A

Combined all previous genetic information on the genome on schizophrenia

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47
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- CG-
What did Ripke find?

A

108 separate genes are associated with the development of schizophrenia

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48
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- CG-
What is aetiologically heterogeneous?

A

Different combinations of factors can lead to schizophrenia

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49
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- RoM-
What is the role of mutation?

A

Genetic manipulation can still be found even if the family does not have schizophrenia in the family history

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50
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- RoM-
What can cause genetic mutation?

A

Radiation, poison, or infection

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51
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- RoM-
What evidence is there to back up the role of mutation?

A

Positive correlation between parental age (associated with increases sperm mutation) and risk of schizophrenia (0.7% under 25, over 2% after 50)

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52
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N-
What is high levels of dopamine called?

A

Hyperdopaminergia

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53
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N-
What is the original dopamine hypothesis?

A

High levels of dopamine in the sub royal areas of the brain cause schizophrenia (found as schizophrenia is similar to Parkinson disease )

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54
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N-
What symptoms are high levels of dopamine associated with?

A

Positive symptoms (delusions and hallucinations)

55
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N-
What is the revised dopamine hypothesis?

A

Low levels of dopamine can explain negative symptoms

56
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N-
What is hypodopaminergia?

A

Low levels of dopamine in the subcortal areas of the brain

57
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N-
What are the overall conclusions of the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Patients can have high and low levels of dopamine at the same time, explaining positive and negative symptoms

58
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- DBT-
Who conducted the double blind theory?

A

Bateson (1972)

59
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- DBT-
What is the double blind theory?

A

Families put out mixed signals and put them in a ‘no win’ situation

60
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- DBT-
What is an example of the double blind theory?

A

Father contains about the lack of affection from his child, then pushes them off when they give affection

61
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- EE-
Who created the expressed emotion theory?

A

Brown (1966)

62
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- EE-
What are the factors that cause high levels of expressed emotion?

A
  • high levels of criticism (negative symptoms between family members)
  • high levels of hostility (aggressive behaviour/comments)
  • high levels of over concern (parents spend too much time interfering with family members)
63
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- SM-
What is the schizophrenogenic mother?

A

Negative relationship with the mother

64
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- SM-
What characteristics does a schizopherongenic mother have?

A

Cold, rejecting, domineering and guilt producing

65
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- SM-
What combination with SM increases the likelihood of schizophrenia?

A

A passive father

66
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE-
What is a dysfunctional thought process?

A

Inability to accurately interpret own thoughts and emotions

67
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE-
What is one cognitive explanation of schizophrenia?

A

Dysfunctional thought process

68
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE-
What is Ventral striatum?

A

Gateway to guide behaviour and mediates cognition

69
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE-
What does the ventral striatum cause?

A

Negative symptoms

70
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE-
What is the temporal and cingulate gyri?

A

Processes emotions and auditory information

71
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE-
What does the temporal and cingulate gyri?

A

Causes a positive symptoms

72
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- FRITH-
What did Frith (1992) find?

A

There are two types of dysfunctional processing

73
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE-
What are the two types of dysfunctional processing?

A

Meta representation, central control dysfunction

74
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- FRITH-
What is meta representation?

A

The ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour

75
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- FRITH-
What can meta representation cause?

A

Inability to recognise our own actions and thoughts

76
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- FRITH-
What does meta representation cause? And why?

A

Hallucinations and delusions, due to too much information in the conscious mind

77
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- FRITH-
What is central control dysfunction?

A

Individuals are unable to suppress automatic thoughts which results into speech poverty and thought disorder

78
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- FRITH-
What is speech triggered by in central control dysfunction?

A

Thoughts (each word triggers associations and the person cannot suppress automatic responses to this)

79
Q

Drug treatment-
What kind of drugs are used to treat schizophrenia?

A

Antipsychotic drugs

80
Q

Drug treatment-
How can antipsychotics be taken?

A

In the form of a tablet (daily) or syrup, or an injection (every two to four weeks)

81
Q

Drug treatment-
What are the two types og antipsychotic frug?

A

Typical and atypical

82
Q

Drug treatment-
Which type of drug was introduced first?

A

Typical then atypical around 20 years later

83
Q

Drug treatment- T-
What is the typical antipsychotic called?

A

Chlorpromazine

84
Q

Drug treatment- T-
What is the function of the typical antipsychotics?

A

To reduce dopamine levels in the body

85
Q

Drug treatment- T-
What are typical antipsychotics known a?

A

Dopamine antagonists

86
Q

Drug treatment- T-
What is the function of the typical antipsychotics?

A

They block dopamine receptors, so that it cannot be absorbed

87
Q

Drug treatment- T-
What does typical antipsychotics treat?

A

Positive symptoms

88
Q

Drug treatment- T-
What is the sedation effect?

A

Chlorpromazine is also a sedattative, it is used to calm schizophrenia individuals

89
Q

Drug treatment- AT-
How many years later were atypical antipsychotics introduced?

A

20 years later

90
Q

Drug treatment- AT-
What is are the two antipsychotic drugs?

A

Clozapine and risperdone

91
Q

Drug treatment- AT- C-
What is the chance of developing a rare blood disorder?

A

1%

92
Q

Drug treatment- AT- C-
When is clozapine prescribed?

A

When other drugs are ineffective

93
Q

Drug treatment- AT- C-
What other receptors does clozapine block?

A

Serotonin and glutamine receptors

94
Q

Drug treatment- AT- C-
What do the receptors other than dopamine effect? And therefore want do they reduce?

A

Mood regulation, effecting negative symptoms

95
Q

Drug treatment- AT- R-
Why was risperidone created?

A

To do the same things as clozapine but without serious side affects

96
Q

Drug treatment- AT- R-
What does risperidone do?

A

Bonds to dopemine (more strongly than clozapine), and serotonin receptors

97
Q

Drug treatment- AT- R-
When is risperidone more effective?

A

When it is in small does

98
Q

Psychological treatments- CBT-
What are the aims of CBT?

A
  • change dysfunctional thought process and resulting behaviour
  • can be over a number of sessions, individually or within a group setting
99
Q

Psychological treatments- CBT-
How does CBT work?

A

Help them to understand how their dysfunctional thought processes (d/h) impact their behaviour. This helps them to cope

100
Q

Psychological treatments- CBT-
What do they do to debunk hallucinations?

A

The therapist will just say the voices are their inner thought processes

101
Q

Psychological treatments- CBT-
How do therapists debunk delusions?

A

Argue the likely hood of their beliefs, then the therapists pick them apart

102
Q

Psychological treatments- family therapy-
Who identified the different strategies that family therapists use to improve the functioning of a family?

A

Pharoah (2010)

103
Q

Psychological treatments- family therapy-
What are the aims of family thereby?

A
  • reduce negative emotions (reduces EE, reducing stress)
  • improves the families ability to help (forms alliance, agree on therapy aims, improves beliefs and behaviours towards schi, achieves and maintains balance)
104
Q

Psychological treatments- family therapy-
What are the aims of family thereby?

A
  • reduce negative emotions (reduces EE, reducing stress)
  • improves the families ability to help (forms alliance, agree on therapy aims, improves beliefs and behaviours towards schi, achieves and maintains balance)
105
Q

Psychological treatments- family therapy-
Who proposed the model for working with families dealing with schizophrenia?

A

Burbach (2018)

106
Q

Psychological treatments- family therapy-
What is the model of practice?

A
  • sharing info, provide emotional and practical support.
  • identify resources.
  • encourages understanding.
  • identify unhelpful pattern.
  • skill training.
  • looks at relapse prevention.
  • maintenance for the future.
107
Q

Psychological treatments- family therapy-
What does schizophrenia do and not do?

A

Manages schizophrenia, it does not cure it

108
Q

Token economy-
What is it used for?

A

To manage the behaviour of those with schizophrenia

109
Q

Token economy-
What is token economy?

A

Tokens which are coloured disks, which are given when desirable tasks are completed

110
Q

Token economy-
What can the tokens be exchanged for?

A

Privileges or things such as sweets

111
Q

Token economy-
Why are tokens given?

A

To be given an immediate reward

112
Q

Token economy-
Who trialled token economy?

A

Ayllon and Azrin (1968)- trialled token economy in. A ward of women with schizophrenia

113
Q

Token economy-
What was found when token economy was introduced?

A

An increased number of tasks being carried out

114
Q

Token economy-
Why is token economy used less in the UK?

A

More ethical issues

115
Q

Token economy-
What is something that tends to decline during institutionalisation?

A

Personal hygiene

116
Q

Token economy- Institutionalisation-
Who identified the 3 categories of institutional behaviour?

A

Mats on (2016)

117
Q

Token economy- Institutionalisation-
What are the three categories identified?

A

Personal care, conditioned related behaviours, and social behaviour

118
Q

Token economy-
What are the two benefits of token economy?

A

Improve patients quality of life, develop behaviour which make it easier to adapt back into normal life

119
Q

Token economy-
Are the tokens primary or secondary reinforcers?

A

Secondary reinforcers

120
Q

Token economy-
What are secondary reinforcers?

A

The tokens- as they hold no specific value

121
Q

Interactionist approach- explaining-
What ist eh way to explain schizophrenia?

A

The diathesis stress model

122
Q

Interactionist approach- explaining-
What does (old) diathesis mean?

A

Vulnerability

123
Q

Interactionist approach- explaining-
What is (old) stress?

A

Any negative experience within our environment

124
Q

Interactionist approach- explaining-
Who suggested there was only one schizogene?

A

Meehl (1962)

125
Q

Interactionist approach- explaining-
Did Meehl believe that you could get schizophrenia without the gene?

A

No

126
Q

Interactionist approach- explaining-
What is the modern understanding of diathesis?

A

Not just one schizogene, there are a range of factors including psychological trauma

127
Q

Interactionist approach- explaining-
What did reads neurodevelopment model suggest?

A

Early trauma alters brain development

128
Q

Interactionist approach- explaining-
What is the modern understanding of stress?

A

This includes anything that risks triggering schizophrenia(Houston 2008)

129
Q

Interactionist approach- explaining-
What is a modern stressor?

A

Cannabis

130
Q

Interactionist approach- treating-
What are the biological treatments?

A

Antipsychotic medication- alters dopamine and serotonin levels

131
Q

Interactionist approach- treating-
What are the two types of antipsychotic medication?

A

Typical and atypical

132
Q

Interactionist approach- treating-
What is an example of a typical antipsychotic?

A

Clozapine

133
Q

Interactionist approach- treating-
What is an example of an atypical antipsychotic drug?

A

Chlorpromazine

134
Q

Interactionist approach- treating-
What are the psychological treatments of schizophrenia?

A

CBT= alleviate stressors through things like belief modification
Family therapy= encourages effective forms of communication

Psychology- Paper 3- Key Terms (4 decks)

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