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Psychology- Paper 3- Key Terms > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is schizophrenia?

A

Inability to distinguish their own thoughts and ideas from reality

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2
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What other condition if schizophrenia confused with?

A

Split personality disorder

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3
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
Is schizophrenia more common in men or women?

A

Men

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4
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
Is schizophrenia more common in cities or the countryside?

A

Cities

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5
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
Which class is schizophrenia more common in?

A

The working class

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6
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What do we use to diagnose mental health conditions?

A

DSM-5

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7
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What does using DSM-5 help?

A

Increases reliability
Decreases subjectivity

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8
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is a positive symptom?

A

A symptom taht you gain fro an illness or did not have before the illness

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9
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is as negative symptom?

A

The parting has lost something that they had before the illness

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10
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are delusions?

A

Believe it something that is not true

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11
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is speech poverty?

A

When speech becomes less fluent

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12
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is avolition?

A

A lack of motivation or drive

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13
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are hallucinations?

A

Sensing something that isn’t there

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14
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are delusions of grandeur?

A

When someone believe they are like god

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15
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are delusions of persecution?

A

When you believe Dan individual is out to get you

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16
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are delusions of control, influence and passivity?

A

Belief someone else is controlling your thoughts or actions

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17
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are auditory hallucinations?

A

You think you hear something

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18
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are visual hallucinations?

A

You believe that you see something

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19
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What are somatosensory hallucinations?

A

You believe you can feel something

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20
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is speech poverty also known as?

A

Allgolia

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21
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What is another word for avolition?

A

Apathy

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22
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What do you need to have so you can be diagnosed with schizophrenia? (Minimum 2)

A

At least one of: delusions, hallucinations or disorganised speech
Disorganised behaviour or negative symptoms

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23
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
How long must the patient be disturbed for before they can be diagnosed?

A

Mist have symptoms for at least a month
And must be disturbed for at least 6 months

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24
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia-
What do symptoms need to cause?

A

A negative effect on some area of their life

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25
C and C of Schizophrenia- What must symptom snot be due to?
Other causes, such as drug use or another illness
26
C and C of Schizophrenia- reliability- What are the two definitions of reliability?
Consistency over time Consistency between doctors
27
C and C of Schizophrenia- reliability- What is the first issue?
Differnt e between clinicians
28
C and C of Schizophrenia- reliability- What is the second issue?
Difference between patients
29
C and C of Schizophrenia- reliability- What are the causes of issue one?
The classification system may be interpreted differently by different observers
30
C and C of Schizophrenia- reliability- What are the causes of issue two?
Culture- if the culture of patient vs psychiatrist is different it may cause misinterpretation of behaviour
31
C and C of Schizophrenia- validity- What are the two definitions of validity?
Whether you are measuring the thing you are trying to measure. Whether the results are true.
32
C and C of Schizophrenia- validity- What is symptom overlap?
When a disorder has no pathognomic symptoms (exclusive to the disorder)
33
C and C of Schizophrenia- validity- What is the basic overview of symptom overlap?
Symptoms are not just present for schizophrenia but other disorders too
34
C and C of Schizophrenia- validity- What is co-morbidity?
When an individual suffers with more than one disorder at a time
35
C and C of Schizophrenia- validity- What is an example of co-morbidity?
An individual develops depression as a result of the schizophrenia diagnosis
36
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- How much of the genes are shared between Mz twins?
100%
37
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- How much genetic informant it on is shared between Dz reins?
50%
38
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- How much genetic information is shared between half siblings?
25%
39
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- How much genetic information is shared between cousins?
12.5%
40
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- Who conducted the family studies?
Gottesman (1991)
41
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- FS- What were the findings of Gottesman study?
Sharing more genetics with someone who has schizophrenia makes you more likely to have it
42
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- Who did the studies on candidate genes?
Ripke (2014)
43
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- CG- Is schizophrenia polygenic?
Multiple genes have been linked to schizophrenia
44
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- CG- What is a genome?
Looking at all the genetic material in a human rather than one gene
45
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- CG- What do candidate genes lead to?
Biological changes that cause symptoms
46
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- CG- What was Ripkes study?
Combined all previous genetic information on the genome on schizophrenia
47
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- CG- What did Ripke find?
108 separate genes are associated with the development of schizophrenia
48
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- CG- What is aetiologically heterogeneous?
Different combinations of factors can lead to schizophrenia
49
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- RoM- What is the role of mutation?
Genetic manipulation can still be found even if the family does not have schizophrenia in the family history
50
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- RoM- What can cause genetic mutation?
Radiation, poison, or infection
51
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- RoM- What evidence is there to back up the role of mutation?
Positive correlation between parental age (associated with increases sperm mutation) and risk of schizophrenia (0.7% under 25, over 2% after 50)
52
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N- What is high levels of dopamine called?
Hyperdopaminergia
53
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N- What is the original dopamine hypothesis?
High levels of dopamine in the sub royal areas of the brain cause schizophrenia (found as schizophrenia is similar to Parkinson disease )
54
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N- What symptoms are high levels of dopamine associated with?
Positive symptoms (delusions and hallucinations)
55
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N- What is the revised dopamine hypothesis?
Low levels of dopamine can explain negative symptoms
56
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N- What is hypodopaminergia?
Low levels of dopamine in the subcortal areas of the brain
57
Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N- What are the overall conclusions of the dopamine hypothesis?
Patients can have high and low levels of dopamine at the same time, explaining positive and negative symptoms
58
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- DBT- Who conducted the double blind theory?
Bateson (1972)
59
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- DBT- What is the double blind theory?
Families put out mixed signals and put them in a ‘no win’ situation
60
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- DBT- What is an example of the double blind theory?
Father contains about the lack of affection from his child, then pushes them off when they give affection
61
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- EE- Who created the expressed emotion theory?
Brown (1966)
62
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- EE- What are the factors that cause high levels of expressed emotion?
- high levels of criticism (negative symptoms between family members) - high levels of hostility (aggressive behaviour/comments) - high levels of over concern (parents spend too much time interfering with family members)
63
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- SM- What is the schizophrenogenic mother?
Negative relationship with the mother
64
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- SM- What characteristics does a schizopherongenic mother have?
Cold, rejecting, domineering and guilt producing
65
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- SM- What combination with SM increases the likelihood of schizophrenia?
A passive father
66
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- What is a dysfunctional thought process?
Inability to accurately interpret own thoughts and emotions
67
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- What is one cognitive explanation of schizophrenia?
Dysfunctional thought process
68
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- What is Ventral striatum?
Gateway to guide behaviour and mediates cognition
69
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- What does the ventral striatum cause?
Negative symptoms
70
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- What is the temporal and cingulate gyri?
Processes emotions and auditory information
71
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- What does the temporal and cingulate gyri?
Causes a positive symptoms
72
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- FRITH- What did Frith (1992) find?
There are two types of dysfunctional processing
73
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- What are the two types of dysfunctional processing?
Meta representation, central control dysfunction
74
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- FRITH- What is meta representation?
The ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour
75
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- FRITH- What can meta representation cause?
Inability to recognise our own actions and thoughts
76
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- FRITH- What does meta representation cause? And why?
Hallucinations and delusions, due to too much information in the conscious mind
77
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- FRITH- What is central control dysfunction?
Individuals are unable to suppress automatic thoughts which results into speech poverty and thought disorder
78
Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- FRITH- What is speech triggered by in central control dysfunction?
Thoughts (each word triggers associations and the person cannot suppress automatic responses to this)
79
Drug treatment- What kind of drugs are used to treat schizophrenia?
Antipsychotic drugs
80
Drug treatment- How can antipsychotics be taken?
In the form of a tablet (daily) or syrup, or an injection (every two to four weeks)
81
Drug treatment- What are the two types og antipsychotic frug?
Typical and atypical
82
Drug treatment- Which type of drug was introduced first?
Typical then atypical around 20 years later
83
Drug treatment- T- What is the typical antipsychotic called?
Chlorpromazine
84
Drug treatment- T- What is the function of the typical antipsychotics?
To reduce dopamine levels in the body
85
Drug treatment- T- What are typical antipsychotics known a?
Dopamine antagonists
86
Drug treatment- T- What is the function of the typical antipsychotics?
They block dopamine receptors, so that it cannot be absorbed
87
Drug treatment- T- What does typical antipsychotics treat?
Positive symptoms
88
Drug treatment- T- What is the sedation effect?
Chlorpromazine is also a sedattative, it is used to calm schizophrenia individuals
89
Drug treatment- AT- How many years later were atypical antipsychotics introduced?
20 years later
90
Drug treatment- AT- What is are the two antipsychotic drugs?
Clozapine and risperdone
91
Drug treatment- AT- C- What is the chance of developing a rare blood disorder?
1%
92
Drug treatment- AT- C- When is clozapine prescribed?
When other drugs are ineffective
93
Drug treatment- AT- C- What other receptors does clozapine block?
Serotonin and glutamine receptors
94
Drug treatment- AT- C- What do the receptors other than dopamine effect? And therefore want do they reduce?
Mood regulation, effecting negative symptoms
95
Drug treatment- AT- R- Why was risperidone created?
To do the same things as clozapine but without serious side affects
96
Drug treatment- AT- R- What does risperidone do?
Bonds to dopemine (more strongly than clozapine), and serotonin receptors
97
Drug treatment- AT- R- When is risperidone more effective?
When it is in small does
98
Psychological treatments- CBT- What are the aims of CBT?
- change dysfunctional thought process and resulting behaviour - can be over a number of sessions, individually or within a group setting
99
Psychological treatments- CBT- How does CBT work?
Help them to understand how their dysfunctional thought processes (d/h) impact their behaviour. This helps them to cope
100
Psychological treatments- CBT- What do they do to debunk hallucinations?
The therapist will just say the voices are their inner thought processes
101
Psychological treatments- CBT- How do therapists debunk delusions?
Argue the likely hood of their beliefs, then the therapists pick them apart
102
Psychological treatments- family therapy- Who identified the different strategies that family therapists use to improve the functioning of a family?
Pharoah (2010)
103
Psychological treatments- family therapy- What are the aims of family thereby?
- reduce negative emotions (reduces EE, reducing stress) - improves the families ability to help (forms alliance, agree on therapy aims, improves beliefs and behaviours towards schi, achieves and maintains balance)
104
Psychological treatments- family therapy- What are the aims of family thereby?
- reduce negative emotions (reduces EE, reducing stress) - improves the families ability to help (forms alliance, agree on therapy aims, improves beliefs and behaviours towards schi, achieves and maintains balance)
105
Psychological treatments- family therapy- Who proposed the model for working with families dealing with schizophrenia?
Burbach (2018)
106
Psychological treatments- family therapy- What is the model of practice?
- sharing info, provide emotional and practical support. - identify resources. - encourages understanding. - identify unhelpful pattern. - skill training. - looks at relapse prevention. - maintenance for the future.
107
Psychological treatments- family therapy- What does schizophrenia do and not do?
Manages schizophrenia, it does not cure it
108
Token economy- What is it used for?
To manage the behaviour of those with schizophrenia
109
Token economy- What is token economy?
Tokens which are coloured disks, which are given when desirable tasks are completed
110
Token economy- What can the tokens be exchanged for?
Privileges or things such as sweets
111
Token economy- Why are tokens given?
To be given an immediate reward
112
Token economy- Who trialled token economy?
Ayllon and Azrin (1968)- trialled token economy in. A ward of women with schizophrenia
113
Token economy- What was found when token economy was introduced?
An increased number of tasks being carried out
114
Token economy- Why is token economy used less in the UK?
More ethical issues
115
Token economy- What is something that tends to decline during institutionalisation?
Personal hygiene
116
Token economy- Institutionalisation- Who identified the 3 categories of institutional behaviour?
Mats on (2016)
117
Token economy- Institutionalisation- What are the three categories identified?
Personal care, conditioned related behaviours, and social behaviour
118
Token economy- What are the two benefits of token economy?
Improve patients quality of life, develop behaviour which make it easier to adapt back into normal life
119
Token economy- Are the tokens primary or secondary reinforcers?
Secondary reinforcers
120
Token economy- What are secondary reinforcers?
The tokens- as they hold no specific value
121
Interactionist approach- explaining- What ist eh way to explain schizophrenia?
The diathesis stress model
122
Interactionist approach- explaining- What does (old) diathesis mean?
Vulnerability
123
Interactionist approach- explaining- What is (old) stress?
Any negative experience within our environment
124
Interactionist approach- explaining- Who suggested there was only one schizogene?
Meehl (1962)
125
Interactionist approach- explaining- Did Meehl believe that you could get schizophrenia without the gene?
No
126
Interactionist approach- explaining- What is the modern understanding of diathesis?
Not just one schizogene, there are a range of factors including psychological trauma
127
Interactionist approach- explaining- What did reads neurodevelopment model suggest?
Early trauma alters brain development
128
Interactionist approach- explaining- What is the modern understanding of stress?
This includes anything that risks triggering schizophrenia(Houston 2008)
129
Interactionist approach- explaining- What is a modern stressor?
Cannabis
130
Interactionist approach- treating- What are the biological treatments?
Antipsychotic medication- alters dopamine and serotonin levels
131
Interactionist approach- treating- What are the two types of antipsychotic medication?
Typical and atypical
132
Interactionist approach- treating- What is an example of a typical antipsychotic?
Clozapine
133
Interactionist approach- treating- What is an example of an atypical antipsychotic drug?
Chlorpromazine
134
Interactionist approach- treating- What are the psychological treatments of schizophrenia?
CBT= alleviate stressors through things like belief modification Family therapy= encourages effective forms of communication

Psychology- Paper 3- Key Terms (4 decks)

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