Schizophrenia Flashcards
(39 cards)
What is schizophrenia classified as: a psychotic or neurotic disorder?
Schizophrenia is classified as a psychotic disorder.
What is the origin of the term “schizophrenia”?
The term “schizophrenia” originates from the Greek words “schizein” (to split) and “phren” (mind).
Under which classifications is schizophrenia listed in ICD-10 and ICD-11?
In ICD-10, schizophrenia is classified under “schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders” (F20-F29), and in ICD-11, it is classified as “Schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorders” (Block 6A2).
What mental modalities are disturbed in schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is characterised by disturbances in thinking, perception, self-experience, cognition, volition, affect, behaviour, and psychomotor disturbances.
What are the core symptoms of schizophrenia?
The core symptoms include persistent delusions, persistent hallucinations, thought disorder, and experiences of influence, passivity, or control.
Who were some of the early describers of schizophrenia, and what terms did they use?
Early describers include Morel (demence precoce), Kahlbaum (dementia paranoides, katatonia), and Hecker (hebephrenia).
What are some early clinical concepts of schizophrenia?
Early clinical concepts include Greisinger’s ‘unitary psychosis’ and Kraepelin’s dementia praecox, which included four subtypes: hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid, and simple.
What was Bleuler’s contribution to understanding schizophrenia?
Bleuler (1911) introduced the concept of “the schizophrenias,” a collection of psychoses characterised by the ‘four As’: ambivalence, loosening of associations, affective incongruity and blunting, and autism.
What are some early sociological concepts related to schizophrenia?
Some sociological concepts suggest schizophrenia is not an illness but a myth or a sane reaction to an insane world.
What is the incidence of schizophrenia per year?
The incidence of schizophrenia is 15–20 per 100,000 per year.
What is the lifetime risk of schizophrenia?
The lifetime risk of schizophrenia is approximately 0.9%.
What genetic risk factors are associated with schizophrenia?
Genetic risk factors include family history, with higher risks for parents, siblings, and children of individuals with schizophrenia.
What environmental risk factors are associated with schizophrenia?
Environmental risk factors include prenatal infection, birth complications, early cannabis use, and paternal age.
What neurotransmitters are involved in schizophrenia?
Neurotransmitters involved in schizophrenia include dopamine, glutamate, serotonin, GABA, and noradrenaline.
What neuropathological findings are associated with schizophrenia?
Neuropathological findings include a 6% decrease in brain weight, decreased synaptic markers, and non-specific ventricular enlargement.
What are some physiological abnormalities in schizophrenia?
Physiological abnormalities include abnormal smooth-pursuit eye movements, EEG changes, and decreased sensory evoked potentials (P300).
What psychological factors contribute to schizophrenia?
Psychological factors contributing to schizophrenia include personality traits and family dynamics like expressed emotion.
What are the common clinical features of schizophrenia?
Common clinical features include lack of insight, hallucinations (especially auditory), delusions, apathy, avolition, social withdrawal, and affective blunting.
What are the subtypes of schizophrenia based on symptom prominence?
Subtypes include paranoid, hebephrenic, catatonic, simple schizophrenia, undifferentiated, residual schizophrenia, and deficit syndrome.
How is schizophrenia diagnosed?
Schizophrenia is diagnosed based on psychiatric history, mental state examination, and the exclusion of other disorders. First-rank symptoms, as per Schneider, include hearing thoughts spoken aloud and delusions of control.
What are the DSM-V criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia?
DSM-V criteria require two or more symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, or disorganised speech, present for a significant portion of time over a month.
What are some differential diagnoses for schizophrenia?
Differential diagnoses include delusional disorders, schizoaffective disorders, acute and transient psychotic disorders, and drug-induced states.
What investigations are used in the diagnosis of schizophrenia?
Investigations for schizophrenia include biological, psychological, and social assessments.
What are the main treatment approaches for schizophrenia?
Treatment approaches include typical/atypical antipsychotics, cognitive retraining, crisis management, education, vocational rehabilitation, and supportive therapy.
