Schizophrenia Flashcards
(15 cards)
Positive symptoms
Excess/distortion of normal functions in behaviour or thought.
Hallucinations = hearing voices, critical/unfriendly. See, smell, taste + feel things that aren’t there.
Delusions = belief something isn’t true. PARANOID = someone out to get you. DELUSION OF GRANDEUR = belief have power, e.g. sent on mission from God.
Disorganised Speech = ‘word salad’, sentence don’t make sense.
Catatonic behaviour = behaviour is inappropriate. Abnormal motor skills, loss of motor skills/hyperactive.
DSM + ICD
DSM-5 = USA, 1 or more POSITIVE symptoms, 6 month criteria.
ICD-10 = Europe, 2 or more NEGATIVE symptoms, 1 month criteria.
Negative symptoms
Reduce/loss of normal functions.
Affective flattening = lack of range of emotional expression, body language, tone, expressions.
Physical anhedonia = inability to experience physical pleasures.
Social anhedonia = inability to experience pleasure from interpersonal interactions.
Avolition = reduction of interests + desires, inability to initiate goal directed behaviour
Alogia = less speech fluency, reflect blocked thoughts, produce few words.
Schiz data
Occurs to 1% of population.
Schiz symptoms overlap w/ BPD, OCD + anxiety.
Loss of touch w/ reality (psychosis). Only 7.5% have 1 episode.
Men = 18-25, Women = 25-35. More likely for men.
Reliability - culture
- COPELAND = gave 134 ppts, US psychologists + 194 British psychologists, description of patient. 69% of US diagnose w/ schizophrenia , 2% British diagnoses.
- LUHRMANN = interview 60 adults w/ schizophrenia + ask about voices heard. 20 GHANA, 20 INDIA + 20 USA. GHANA + INDIA = positive experience, playful and offer advice. USA = negative experiences, hateful + violent.
Validity - gender
- BROVERMANN ET AL = gave sex-role stereotype questionnaire of 122 bipolar items to 79 active clinicians. 1 of 3 instructions = describe healthy, mature, socially competent adult. A men. A women.
- clinicians judged healthy behaviours from the man, showing women are perceived less mentally healthy.
Validity - symptom overlap
- ELLASON + ROSS = point out people with DID have more Schiz symptoms than people with Schiz.
Validity - co - morbidity
- 2 or more conditions occur at same time.
- Schiz patients include, BPD, anxiety + depression.
- BUCKLEY ET AL = co-morbidity of depression is 50%.
- 47% co-morbidity of substance abuse.
AO3 - ROSENHAN
- test psychs if reliably can tell if sane/insane.
- field experiment.
- IV, lack of symptoms.
- DV, response of staff.
- covert ppt observation.
- called in students, 4 men + 3 women + himself.
- no history of mental disorders.
- confess go to 12 hospitals in 5 states, faked single symptom of hearing voice say ‘hollow, empty + thud’.
- significant as not an actual symptom.
- once admitted, act normal.
- 1 week - 2 months, all diagnosed with schizophrenia but 1.
AO3 - weakness - rosenhan
He told institutions results + warned others would try get admitted. 41 patients suspected fake, 19 of these were diagnosed by 2 staff. He acc sent none.
HOWEVER, study was 30 years ago + diagnostic practise is diff. More detailed categories, standardised interviews.
AO3 - weakness - validity
Stigma reduce validity. System for diagnosing Schiz can’t consider accurate if case go undiagnosed. Although can occur all over world more likely in country like JAPAN as Schiz translates to ‘disease of diagnosed mind’.
Genetic exp - twin studies
- JOSEPH pooled data from 2001 + calculated concordance rate for MZ is 40.4% + 7.4% for DZ.
- GOTTESMAN found if 1 MZ has Schiz, 48% chance other will too.
- DZ has 17% chance of Schiz + siblings have 9% chance.
Genetic exp - Adoption studies
- TIENARI ET AL = 164 adoptees whose parents had schizophrenia, 6.7% child has too.
- but 2% of 197 adoptees (non-schizophrenia mums).
Genetic exp - Family studies
- GOTTESMAN = found Schiz more common w/ biological relatives. Greater related, greater risk.
- GOTTESMAN = children w/ 2 Schiz parents had concord rate of 46%.
- child with 1 Schiz parents had rate of 13%. Siblings had Schiz 9%
AO3 - weakness - environment
- Schiz does
