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Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

How is schizophrenia defined?

A
  • A psychotic disorder defined by severely impaired thinking, emotions and behaviour.
    -Patients are unable to filter sensory stimuli and may have enhanced perception of sounds, colours and other environmental stimuli
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2
Q

What does negative symptoms of schizophrenia mean?

A

-Symptoms that take away from the typical experience of schizophrenia, e.g. speech loss

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3
Q

what does positive symptoms of schizophrenia mean?

A
  • symptom that ‘enhances’ the typical experience of schizophrenia, e.g. hallucinations
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4
Q

How are hallucinations characterised?

A

-Distorted perception of stimuli that has no basis in reality
-Auditory hallucinations can include hearing voices of loved ones or the deceased, thought to be caused by excess dopamine in brocas area

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5
Q

Give 2 positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Hallucinations and delusions

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6
Q

Give 2 negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Speech poverty and avolition

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7
Q

Define schizophrenia

A

A mental illness where contact with reality and insight are impaired

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8
Q

What are the clinical characteristics of schizophrenia?

A
  • Split between thinking and emotion
  • Range of psychotic symptoms
    -Patient lacks insight into their condition, does not know they are schizophrenic
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9
Q

difference between psychosis and neurosis

A

psychosis is when the person loses contact with reality, neurosis the patient is aware they have a problem

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10
Q

what percentage of psychosis patients will get better after one episode? (stirling and hellewell)

A

25%

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11
Q

what percentage of psychosis patients will improve but still have some symptoms? (stirling and hellewell)

A

50-65%

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12
Q

What percentage of the population is schizophrenic?

A

1%

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13
Q

Are men or women more likely to have schizophrenia?

A

men

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14
Q

when does schizophrenia usually appear for most patients?

A

late adolescence/early adulthood
(20’s)

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15
Q

What does ICD stand for?

A

-International classification of the causes of disease and death

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16
Q

What is the ICD?

A

diagnostic manual for schizophrenia that recognises subtypes

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17
Q

what is the DSM?

A

Diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorder, used to recognise subtypes

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18
Q

According to ICD 10 what are the 5 subtypes of schizophrenia?

A

-Hepephrenic
-Catatonic
-Paranoid
-Undifferentiated
-Residual

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19
Q

what does positive symptoms mean?

A
  • symptoms that reflect an excess or distortion of normal function
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20
Q

what does negative symptoms mean?

A

-Loss of normal functions

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21
Q

According to DSM 5 what are the 3 types of schizophrenia?

A
  1. Paranoid
  2. Catatonic
  3. Hebephrenic
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22
Q

what is catatonic sz?

A

-person is withdrawn, mute, negative, unusual strange movement

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23
Q

what is hebephrenic sz according to DSM-5?

Study These Flashcards
A

primarily negative symptoms

24
Q

is disorganised speech a positive or negative symptom of sz?

25
what are sz delusions?
-Irrational and false beliefs -Delusions of grandeur, the patient believes they are someone powerful or important, such as the queen or jesus -Paranoid delusions, believing they are being persecuted by aliens or the government
26
what are sz hallucinations?
Auditory or visual perceptions of things that are not present, imagined stimuli that can involve any of the senses
26
how is disorganised behaviour described in sz patients?
catatonic
26
what is catatonic behaviour?
-When someone is awake but unable to respond to the environment or other people -The person may stay in a certain position for a long period of time
27
where is the icd primarily used?
europe
27
where is the dsm primarily used?
usa
28
what is avolition/apathy?
loss of motivation
29
what are 3 negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
-Avolition -Alogia -Lack of concentration
30
According to Andreason (1982) what are the 3 signs of avolition?
-Poor hygeine -Lack of persistence in work -Lack of energy
31
What is Alogia?
disorganisation and incoherent speech
32
what is acute schizophrenia?
-when a person who was previously healthy develops schizophrenia for a short period of time
33
What is a disadvantage of using hallucinations as a positive symptom for schizophrenia?
Slater and Roth, hallucinations are not exclusive to schizophrenic people so they are the least important symptom
34
what is a limitation of diagnosing schizophrenia?
- Diagnosis labels the individual, this can have adverse affects such as self fulfilling prophecy where patients act in the way they are expected to act -Ethical implications, e.g. prejudice due to labelling
35
what is co-morbidity? and why does this limit the reliability of schizophrenia diagnosis?
-Co-morbidity is when patients suffer from 2 or more mental impairments -Makes it more difficult to diagnose schizophrenia because of symptom overlap -E.g. avolition (low motivation) is present in both schizophrenia and depression
36
what study supports gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?
-Lorring and Powell, some behaviour regarded as psychotic in males was not regarded as psychotic in females
37
What did Lorring and Powells study find?
-Gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis, behaviour regarded as pyschotic in males was seen as normal in females
38
what is a limitation of diagnosis of schizophrenia?
-there has been limited validity of diagnostic manuals which leads to teh question of is schizpphrenia just an umbrella term for symptoms
39
are fraternal (non-identical twins) mono-zygotic or di-zygotic?
di-zygotic
40
Describe findings of a study that supports genetic explanation for schizophrenia?
-Gottesman, MZ twins have 48% risk of getting schizoprehnia, DZ have 17% risk -The closer the genetic relation, the higher the risk of schizophrenia
41
Which genes have been associated with excess dopamine production leading to positive schizophrenia symptoms?
-COMT, DRD4, AKT1
42
how do we know genetics are only PARTLY responsible for schizophrenia?
twin studies would have 100% concordance rates if it was entirely genetically determined
43
what are methodological problems in studies showing genetic explanation for schizophrenia?
-the studies are retrospective and done after one of the twins has developed schizophrenia -also researcher bias if other family members have been diagnosed
44
Issue with twin studies proving genetic explanation for schizophrenia?
-Nature vs nurture, it is hard to determine as most twins also have the same environment growing up, it is hard to know which causes development of schizophrenia
45
Why is the genetic explanation for schizophrenia limited?
-does not account for external factors which may put stress on the gene causing it to present -causes for schizophrenia is more complex than it is caused by one specific gene
46
what does the dopamine theory suggest is the explanation for schizophrenia?
an excess production of the neurotransmitter, dopamine, leading to positive symptoms of SZ
47
What is evidence in support of dopamine theory of schizophrenia?
- Amphetamines increase dopamine. Large doses of amphetamines have been given to people with no history of psychiatric conditions and have presented very similar symptoms to schizophrenia -Small doses of amphetamines given to people with schizophrenia have worsened their symptoms
48
What evidence is there for the dopamine theory in terms of autopsies?
-Owen et al. autopsy shows excess number of dopamine receptors, which may cause schizophrenia -other autopsies have shown excess dopamine
49
what is a limitation of dopamine theory of schizophrenia?
-not clear which came first, is the schizophrenia caused by the excess dopamine or is the excess dopamine a result of the schizophrenia
50
what is another limitation of dopamine theory of schizophrenia?
-Farde et al, 1999, found no difference in patients with schizophrenia and without schizophrenia
51
what are neural correlates in schizophrenia?
patterns of activity that happen in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia
52
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