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Ex3 Phys/Pathophys > Schoenwald- Inflammation & Repair > Flashcards

Schoenwald- Inflammation & Repair Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

A cellular response to injury is signified by what two things?

A
  1. Cellular swelling

2. Fatty degeneration

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2
Q

Define atrophy

A

Catabolic (breakdown) metabolism of cell which is not immediately lethal to the cell

-Cells shrink

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3
Q

What are 3 types of atrophy?

A

Symmetric, Asymmetric, Cachexia

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4
Q

What is symmetric atrophy caused by?

A

Old age & reduced blood supply

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5
Q

What is asymmetric atrophy caused by?

A

Decreased workload, nutritional deficiencies, chronic low level injury (radiation), neuro endocrine

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6
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Symmetric atrophy of the entire body (Tumors, AIDS, TB)

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7
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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8
Q

What cleans up degraded cellular material?

A

Macrophages

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9
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Follows irreversible cell and tissue injuries

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10
Q

Name 4 types of necrosis

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquefaction
  3. Autolysis
  4. Heterolysis
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11
Q

Tissue with normal protein count is _______ necrosis

A

Coagulative

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12
Q

Tissue poor in protein (brain & fat) is ______ necrosis

A

Liquefaction

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13
Q

Self digestion is autolysis or heterolysis?

A

Autolysis

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14
Q

Digestion for adjacent cells and tissue by enzymes released from dying cells is autolysis or heterolysis?

A

Heterolysis

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15
Q

Inflammation causes what two processes?

A

Vasodilation & increased vascular permeability

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16
Q

What cells are mainly involved with acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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17
Q

Exudative fluid and protein are characteristic of acute or chronic inflammation?

A

Acute

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18
Q

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

Rubor (redness)
Tumor (mass effect)
Dolor (pain)
Calor (color)

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19
Q

Histamine, prostacyclin and nitric oxide are involved in vasodilation or increased vasc permeability?

A

Vasodilation

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20
Q

Vasodilation causes an (increase/decrease) in hydrostatic pressure by (slowing/speeding up) blood flow

A

increase, slowing

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21
Q

Marginalization of leukocytes along the vessel wall is characteristic of vasodilation or increased vasc permeability?

A

vasodilation

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22
Q

Increased leakiness of vessels (histamine, leukotrienes) happens in vasodilation or increased vasc permeability?

A

increased vasc permeability

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23
Q

Increased vasc permeability causes an increase/decrease in osmotic pressure and (more/less) in blood which results in (swelling/not swelling) of tissue

A

increase, less, swelling

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24
Q

Is endothelial contraction short or long lived?

A

short

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25
Is endothelial retraction short or long lived?
long
26
MOA for endothelial contraction
Acts on postcapillary venules
27
What three things are released in endothelial contraction? (think mast cell types)
Histamine, bradykin, leukotriene
28
What two things are released in endothelial retraction?
TNF, interkeukin
29
MOA for endothelial retraction
Structural rearrangement of cytoskeleton
30
Direct endothelial injury is _________ mediated
Bacterial
31
Are all vessels affected in direct endothelial injury or just some?
All
32
MOA for direct endothelial injury
Endothelial cell necrosis
33
UV light, xray, mild thermal injury describe _______ (direct/indirect) prolonged response
Direct
34
Name three characteristics of movement of WBC from vessels to sit of inflammation
1. Rolling 2. Pavementing 3. Transmigration
35
Loose, intermittent contact of WBC with endothelium is (rolling, pavementing, transmigration)?
Rolling
36
Tight, constant contact of WBC with endothelium is (rolling, pavementing, transmigration)?
Pavementing
37
WBC crossing the endothelial layer and platelet cell adhesion molecule mediated is (rolling, pavementing, transmigration)?
Transmigration
38
Process to draw WBC to site of inflammation is?
Chemotaxis
39
What is an exogenous mediator of chemotaxis?
bacterial polysaccharides
40
What is an endogenous mediator of chemotaxis?
leukotriene, IL-8
41
What are two mediators involved in Chemotaxis?
Endogenous & exogenous
42
Recognize foreign particles through mannose and scavenger receptors is the role of ____________?
leukocytes
43
Particles that bind to foreign material for WBC recognition are called what?
opsinins
44
Name 3 opsonins
IgG, C3b (they rhyme), collectins
45
What two things kill foreign substance in WBC?
Reduced NADPH oxidase, Myeloperoxidase
46
Reduced NADPH uses _____ oxygen molecules to produce a ______ radical which then converts to _______
2, superradial, hydrogen peroxide
47
Myeloperoxidase converts ____ _____ to Cl- to _ _ _ which causes lipid or protein perioxidation (can breakdown cell wall of bacteria)
hydrogen peroxide, HOCl
48
Serous, Fibrinous, Purlulent inflammation are characteristics of acute or chronic inflamm?
Acute
49
What is the difference between transudative and exudative?
Transudative (a part of serous inflammation)- few cells, poor protein, specific gravity <1.012 Exudative (a part of fibrinous and purulent inflammation)- protein rich fluid and specific gravity > 1.020
50
What is involved with transudative?
viral infections and burns
51
What is involved with exudative?
bacterial, fungal infections and postmyocardial infarction pericarditis
52
A walled off collection of pus is an _________
abscess
53
Loss of mucosa and deeper tissue is ________
Ulcer
54
A connection between two organs that allows for communication between organs is a _________
fistula
55
Fistulas are common in what autoimmune disease?
Chrons
56
Activation of the immune system and phagocytosis are involved in active or chronic inflammation?
Chronic
57
Lymphocytes are involved in active or chronic inflammation?
Chronic Lymphohistiolytic infiltration with increasing fibroblases = granulation tissue
58
What results if a t-cell response is dominant in chronic inflammation?
Granulomas form (TB)
59
Is chronic inflammation bacterial or viral?
Viral
60
Activated lymphocytes produce ______ which results in scarring
collagen
61
Activated macrophages produce these four proteases?
IL-1, TNF, arahadonic acid, nitrous oxide
62
What is the formation of new blood vessels called?
Angiogenesis
63
A collection of activated macrophages common in (TB, fungi, sarcoidosis) is called?
Granulomatous inflammation
64
Involved regeneration of paryenchyma or replacement of damaged tissue with a scar if regeneration not possible
Repair
65
Regeneration of cells combined with scarring and fibrosis is (healing/regeneration)?
Healing
66
Complete replacement of damaged cells without scar formation is (healing/regeneration)? (happens in the GI tract, liver, skin, kidney)
Regeneration
67
Stimulates granulation tissue formation: a. epidermal growth factor b. vascular endothelial growth factor c. platelet derived growth factor d. fibrobast derived growth factor e. transforming growth factor-B
a. epidermal growth factor
68
Induces blood vessel formation: a. epidermal growth factor b. vascular endothelial growth factor c. platelet derived growth factor d. fibrobast derived growth factor e. transforming growth factor-B
b. vascular endothelial growth factor
69
Promotes migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells: a. epidermal growth factor b. vascular endothelial growth factor c. platelet derived growth factor d. fibrobast derived growth factor e. transforming growth factor-B
c. platelet derived growth factor
70
Stimulates blood vessel formation and would repair through macrophages, fibroblast, and endothelial cell migration a. epidermal growth factor b. vascular endothelial growth factor c. platelet derived growth factor d. fibrobast derived growth factor e. transforming growth factor-B
d. fibrobast derived growth factor
71
Acts as a growth inhibitor for epithelium (because we don't want too much epithelium to grow too fast): a. epidermal growth factor b. vascular endothelial growth factor c. platelet derived growth factor d. fibrobast derived growth factor e. transforming growth factor-B
e. transforming growth factor-B
72
Describe the 7 steps of inflammation
1. Inflamm response 2. Contain damage, remove injuring substance, remove dead tissue, start accumulating extracellular matrix 3. Blood vessels form 4. Collagen produced 5. Tissue remodeling 6. Wound contracture 7. Increased wound strength (scar formed)
73
What 5 things do we need for scar formation?
1. Angiogenesis 2. Deposition and proliferation of fibroblasts 3. Deposition of extracellular matrix 4. Maturation and reorganization of fibrous tissue 5. Time frame
74
Granulation of tissue in wound healing takes a. 3-5 days b. 1 week c. 2 weeks d. 1 month
a. 3-5 days
75
Collagen deposition takes place during a. 3-5 days b. week 1 c. week 2 d. month 1
c. week 2
76
Inflammatory infiltrate absent , collagen starts to strengthen at a. 3-5 days b. week 1 c. week 2 d. month 1
d. month 1
77
A surgical inscision is an example of healing by primary or secondary intention?
Primary
78
A cutaneous ulcer healing is an example of healing by primary or secondary intention?
Second
79
Healing of wound with clean edges, close reapproximation of margins and minimal tissue with a small to non-existent scar is ________.
Healing by primary intention
80
Healing of a wound that has unclean edges, extensive tissue disruption and necrosis that results by a large/prominent scar is?
Healing by second intention
81
What would will have much more necrotic debris and debridement is necessary for healing?
Healing by second intention
82
What percentage of strength is a wound after 1 week?
10%
83
Is a fully healed wound 100% strength of original skin?
No it is 2/3 strength of normal skin
84
What 5 factors impair wound healing?
1. Nutritional deficiency- protein, vit C 2. Infection 3. Steroid therapy 4. Poor blood flow 5. Pressure

Ex3 Phys/Pathophys (4 decks)

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