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Patho/Phys 2023 > Schoenwald lecture 8/25 > Flashcards

Schoenwald lecture 8/25 Flashcards

1
Q

which cells originate in the bone marrow?`

A

All of the bodies cells originate in the bone marrow

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2
Q

Which cells mature in the bone marrow?

A

B cells

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3
Q

Where do T cells mature/

A

Thymus

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4
Q

Which cells mature in the thymus

A

T cells- multiply and differentiate into different types of Tcells here

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5
Q

When is thymus active`

A

up through puberty - then replaced by Connective Tissue

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6
Q

List components of the immune system

A

Skin, bone marrow, bowel, thymus, tonsils, spleen, mucous membranes, and lymph nodes

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7
Q

where are lymphocytes housed?

A

spleen and lymph nodes

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8
Q

what happens to T and B cells?? where do they start and then were do they move?

A

Both start in bone marrow, t cells differentiate in thymus, B cells, mature in bone marrow, T and B cells circulate in spleen and lymphnodes, when activated circulate in periphery

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9
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

T and B cells

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10
Q

antigen definition

A

any substance that can provoke and are targets of an immune response

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11
Q

antigen examples

A

pollen, bacteria, fungi, viruses

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12
Q

how to immune cells identify an antigen

A

antigen cell surface contains foreign macromolecules

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13
Q

antibody

A

aka immunoglobulin, molecule that reacts with a specific antigen

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14
Q

IgA purpose

A

blocks transport of microbes across mucosa

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15
Q

IgA location

A

lines GI tract, nasal passages, and sinuses

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16
Q

IgE purpose

A

mediate allergic responses

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17
Q

IgM purpose

A

first on the scene, 1st to respond during antigenic challenge

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18
Q

where is IgM found

A

on the surface of B cells

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19
Q

where is IgD found

A

on the surface of B cells

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20
Q

IgG purpose

A

long lasting antibody, persists beyond infection

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21
Q

Special ability of IgG

A

can cross the placenta

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22
Q

If you want to test immunity what would you check

A

IgG

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23
Q

If you want to confirm an acute infection which immunoglobulin would you test

A

IgM

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24
Q

IgG can be given after exposure to

A

rabies, HepB/A, varicella, tetanus, botulism, diptheria

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25
antibodies are made up of _____ and _____
2 light chains and 2 heavy chains
26
V region on an antibody is the__
Variable region amino terminal, the site of antigen binding
27
C region on an antibody is the__
constant region (carboxyl terminal)- determines antibody type
28
complement binding site is on the
Constant region of the heavy chain
29
innate immunity is the ___ line of defense
1st
30
Adaptive immunity is the ___line of defens
2nd
31
____immunity is independent
innate
32
Adaptive immunity is dependent on
antigen or antibody response or antigen presenting cells
33
innate immunity time frame
0-96 hrs
34
adaptive immunity time frame
>96 hours
35
examples of innate immunity
Skin, mucous, membranes, natural killer cells, non-specific chemical response cytokines, plasma proteins in complement system
36
adaptive immunity is driven by
T and B cells Lymphocytes
37
Types of lymphocytes
T and B cells, NK cells
38
B lymphocytes drive ___ Immunity
humoral
39
T lymphocytes make up ___ % of circulating lymphocytes
65-85%
40
____lymphocytes illicit a strong self antigenic response
T
41
T cells drive____immunity
cell-mediated immunity
42
role of macrophages
phagocytic- engulf invading cell and present flags on surface for T cell recognition
43
Macrophages come from
Monocytes
44
types of immunity
humoral, complement system, cell mediated immunity
45
humoral immunity is part of _____immune response
adaptive
46
in humoral immunity antigenic challenge leads to ___-
activation of b cell by IgD and IgM causing proliferation and differentiation into memory B cells and plasma cells
47
Plasma cells are__
B cells that fully mature: they produce and secrete antibodies (IgG, and IgM)
48
Anamnestic response
(memory) ability of immune system to respond more efficiently with 2nd like antigenic challenge
49
complement system is part of the ____ immune response
innate
50
Comp system is driven by
a group of 20 plasma proteins that catalyze enzyme reactions
51
plasma proteins used in comp system are produced in the
liver, then circulate through most body tissues and fluids
52
2 pathways of complement system
1) classic | 2) alternative
53
distinguishing factors between classic and alternative pathways
in classic, Ab binds to Ag which attracts C1 and causes cascade of proteins leading to MAC insertion in alternative: C3b binds directly to antigen with no antibody
54
MAC stands for
Membrane attack complex
55
opsonization
calling other WBCs, making antigen more attractive for phagocytes and other white blood cells
56
C3 role in complement system
promotes phagocytosis, cell lysis, and inflammation, opsonization
57
NKCs
natural killer cells
58
NKCs are part of _____ immune response
innate
59
NKCs descend from
blood stem cells
60
NKCs have no
T cell receptors
61
function of NKCs
distroy abnormal cells in body and produce cytokines
62
cytokines
chemical released in inflammatory response to an invader
63
life span of NKC
~1 week
64
NKS multiply ___in tissue
rapidly
65
cell mediated immunity is ____driven
T cell
66
Tcells can not recognize
free Ag
67
T cells are typically involved in fighting
viruses, bacteria, incracellular parasites, cancer cells, cells of infusion and transplantation
68
Types of T cells
1) cytotoxic t cells 2) t helper cells- CD4 3) T suppressor cells- CD8
69
cytotoxic T cells function
can kill off cells, it is the only T cell capable of directly attacking and killing cells
70
Cytotoxic t cells main target
Viral infected cells
71
T helper cells function
on switch for cell mediated immunity
72
T helper cells need to be primed by___
Antigen presenting cells APCs
73
Main function of T helper (CD4) cells
stimulate proliferation of other T and B cells that are directly bound to Ag
74
how do CD4 cells attract neutrophils
by releasing lymphokines
75
CD4 cells produce
cytokines
76
T suppressor (CD8) cells aka
off switch
77
Main function of CD8
to turn down and stop immune response after Ag clearing
78
CD8 malfunction =
autoimmune Rxns
79
CD8 release___ which ____
lymphokines, suppress B and T cells
80
T cell rx steps
1) T cell Ag recognition | 2) T cell activation
81
T cell Ag recognition is done using
MHCs (major histocompatibility complexes) to recognize cell type
82
MCH I vs MHC II
1) on all body cells except blood, used for self recognition | 2) present on B cells T cells and Antigen presenting cells (APCs), immune cell recognition
83
T cell activation requires
1) T cell receptor binds to Ag presenting MHC, | 2) costimulation: both cells recognize binding
84
when T cells bind to antigen presenting MHCI,_____ aer activated
Cytotoxic T cells
85
when T cells bind to antigen presenting MHCII,_____ are activated
Helper T cells
86
interferons are a type of
cytokine
87
Interferons are released by ___ to ____
virus infected cells, protect other cells
88
interferons attract __ and ___
macrophages and NKCs
89
HLA system
Human leukocyte antigen system
90
HLA is a _____
complex of genes on csome 6 that encode MHCs of all cells except RBCs and Trophoblasts
91
HLA is important for organ matching because::
Defects in HLA can cause autoimmune disorders
92
HLA B27 is associated with
ankylosing spondylitis
93
ELISA stands for
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays
94
ELISA is used for
Ab testing
95
ELISA requires _,__, and __ to run test
known Ab, Pt sample (Ag), and Indicator Ab
96
ELISA is read
spectrophotomically
97
ELISA is used for testing for which diseases
HIV testing, Ddime, Hep testing
98
Immunoelectrophoresis purpose
ID antibodies and check for M spike
99
MGUS
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance
100
likelyhood of developing multiple myeloma when M spike is present
20%
101
Immunophenotyping and cytogenetics use which technique?
flow cytometry
102
Immunophenotyping and cytogenetics are used to ____
quantitate cell populations (number of certain cells) , often used when monitoring Chemo
103
Immunophenotyping and cytogenetics test are done on which mediums
blood, bone marrow
104
ANA
antinuclear antibody
105
ANA test purpose
autoimmunity screening tool (often used for SLE testing (lupus))
106
Mono test is done by
testing for heterophile antibodies which are produced by the EBV (test specifically for IgM for an acute mono infection)

Patho/Phys 2023 (3 decks)

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