Science Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Alveoli are one cell thick and where what occurs?
A
exchange of gas in lungs
2
Q
the lungs are surrounded by what membrane which reduces friction when breathing?
A
pleural membrane
3
Q
What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity & aids in inhalation and exhalation?
A
diaphragm
4
Q
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
A
supply body with oxygen and rid body of CO2 filters air speech cough smell homeostasis
5
Q
What part of the brain controls breathing and monitors CO2 levels?
A
Medulla oblongata
6
Q
What is composed of water, solutes and other elements in connective tissue?
A
blood
7
Q
What does the lymph vascular system do?
A
cleans up excess fluids & proteins and returns them to the circulatory system
8
Q
Name the 3 layers of walls in blood vessels
A
- tunica intima
- tunica media
- tunica adventitia
9
Q
Elastic arteries: tunica media has more _______ than any other vessels
A
elastin
10
Q
What are the largest vessels in the arterial system?
A
elastic arteries
11
Q
_________ arteries include arteries that branch off elastic arteries
A
Muscular
12
Q
In what arteries does the tunica media have a higher proportion of smooth muscle cells than elastic fibers?
A
muscular arteries
13
Q
Which arteries branch off elastic arteries?
A
muscular arteries
14
Q
What are the primary vessels involved in vasodilation/vasoconstriction? And controls blood flow to capillaries?
A
Arterioles
15
Q
What has a thin tunica media and almost all smooth muscle cells?
A
Arterioles
16
Q
What are tiny vessels that exit capillary beds? They have thin, porous walls and few muscle cells and elastic fibers.
A
venules
17
Q
_____ have a thin tunica media and tunica intima
A
Veins
18
Q
Veins have a wide _____
A
lumen
19
Q
What…
- carries raw materials to cells
- removes waste
- stabilizes internal pH
- fights infections
- composed of RBC, WBC, plasma, platelets?
A
blood
20
Q
What blood cells transport O2, form in bone marrow and live for 4 months?
A
Red blood cells
21
Q
What blood cells defend against infection & remove waste?
A
white blood cells
22
Q
What blood cells have fragments of stem cells and are responsible for blood clotting?
A
platelets
23
Q
Plasma constitutes over half of the blood volume and contains what?
A
plasma proteins, ions, glucose, amino acids, hormones and dissolved gases
24
Q
Heart is separated by what valve?
A
AV valve
25
Explain the first diastole phase.
Blood flows thru vena cavaes into right atrium. AV valve (tricuspid valve). SA node & purkinje fibers cause atrium to contract and fill R ventricle.
SA node signals right ventricle to contract
26
Explain first systole phase.
Tricuspid valve closes & pulmonary semilunar valve opens. blood goes to lungs
27
2nd diastole phase?
blood returns to heart from lungs and fills left atrium. SA node triggers mitral valve to open and blood fills ventricle
28
2nd systole phase?
mitral valve closes. aortic semilunar valve opens. L ventricle contracts & blood is pumped to body
29
Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to ______ tissue
heart
30
Deoxygenated blood returns to right atrium through ______ veins
cardiac
31
What type of circulation is the flow of blood between the heart and lungs?
pulmonary
32
Systemic circulation is the flow of blood to what?
the entire body
33
Aorta branches into what 4 main arteries?
carotid
subclavian
common iliac
renal
34
Blood returns to the heart through what 4 veins?
jugular
subclavian
common iliac
renal
35
Portal circulation
flow of blood from digestive system to liver and then heart
36
Renal circulation
flow of blood between heart and kidneys
37
Arterial blood pressure functions by transporting oxygen ____ blood into lungs and oxygen ____ blood to tissues
poor
| rich
38
Arteries branch into smaller ________
arterioles
39
Where are adjustments made in blood delivery to specific areas?
arterioles
40
Capillary beds contain a single layer of _____________ cells
endothelial
41
Veins are what type of muscle cells? And function as blood volume reserves
smooth
42
What system returns excess tissue fluid to bloodstream?
lymphatic system
43
What system is responsible for the return of protein from capillaries?
lymphatic
44
What system transports fats from digestive tract?
lymphatic
45
Lymph nodes contain ____________ & plasma cells
lymphocytes
46
The spleen contains what type of tissue?
lymphoid
47
What connects blood vessels to spleen?
splenic sinuses
48
What ligament connects the stomach to spleen?
gastrolineal
49
The lienorenal ligament connects what to the spleen?
kidney
50
The phrenicocolic ligament connects the left colic flexure to what?
thoracic diaphragm
51
What is the main function of the spleen?
filter unwanted materials & fight infection
52
Where does protein digestion start?
stomach
53
peristalsis
movement of food
54
Where does absorption begin?
small intestine
55
4 lobes of liver
right
left
quadrate
caudate
56
5 ligaments that secure the liver
```
falciform
coronary
right triangular
left trangular
round
```
57
hepatic portal vein supplies nutrient rich blood to what?
liver
58
What veins carry blood from liver?
hepatic veins
59
Blood enters liver through what vein & artery?
hepatic portal vein
| hepatic artery
60
Liver functions
- production of bile
- production of certain blood plasma proteins
- cholesterol
- storage of glycogen
- regulation of amino acids
- processing of hemoglobin
- conversion of ammonia to urea
61
what organ purifies blood?
liver
62
what organ regulates blood clotting?
liver
63
what organ boosts immune factors and removes bacteria?
liver
64
Exocrine tissues in the pancreas secrete what kind of enzymes?
digestive enzymes
65
Endocrine tissue in the pancreas secretes?
hormones
66
Wirsung's duct
main pancreatic duct
| where exocrine secretions flow
67
where are most nutrients absorbed?
small intestine
68
What breaks down fats?
bile from liver in the small intestine
69
What neurons transmit signals to CNS from rest of body and is associated with touch, pain, temp, hearing, sight, smell & taste?
sensory
70
Motor neurons signal what?
muscles & glands
71
what neurons transmit signals between neurons?
interneurons
72
CNS?
brain and spinal cord
73
PNS?
cranial and spinal nerves
74
What conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS?
sensory (afferent) division
75
What conducts impulses from the CNS to muscles & glands?
motor (efferent) division
76
What nervous system is voluntary & conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles?
somatic (SNS)
77
What nervous system is involuntary and conducts impulses to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles & glands?
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
78
What division is responsible for flight or fight?
sympathetic
79
The spinal cord is responsible for?
limb movement and internal organ activity
80
3 parts of the hindbrain
1. medulla oblongata
2. cerebellum
3. pons
81
3 parts of forebrain
1. cerebrum
2. thalamus
3. hypothalamus
82
4 lobes of the brain
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
83
what lobe is responsible for short term & working memory?
frontal
84
what lobe is responsible for sensory input and spatial positioning of the body?
parietal
85
what lobe is responsible for visual input?
occipital
86
the temporal lobe is responsible for what?
all auditory input, processing and output
87
3 parts of the brain stem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
88
what controls respiratory, digestive and circulatory functions?
brain stem
89
3 parts of midbrain
tectum
tegmentum
ventral tegmentum
90
the midbrain is responsible for?
vision & hearing
91
what is important with ANS in the circulatory & respiratory system?
medulla oblongata
92
what system includes sympathetic nerves that trigger "fight or flight"
peripheral nervous system
93
The autonomic nervous system is controlled by what?
hypothalamus
94
The ANS controls functions of...
internal organs
blood vessels
smooth muscle tissues & glands
95
2 divisions of ANS
sympathetic
| parasympathetic
96
The somatic nervous system controls five senses and _________ skeletal movement
voluntary
97
Efferent (motor) nerves bring signals from CNS to organs and ________
muscles
98
Afferent (sensory) nerves bring signals from _______ organs and muscles to the CNS
sensory
99
Reflex arcs are the simplest nerve pathway and _______ the brain. Controlled by the _______ ____
bypass
| spinal cord
100
A reflex is an ___________ response without conscious thought
automatic
101
Explain reflex arc pathway
stimulus detected by sensory receptors --> sensory neurons --> interneurons --> motor neurons --> effector (muscle)
102
What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?
1. skeletal
2. cardiac
3. smooth
103
What 2 muscle tissues are striated?
skeletal & cardiac
104
Which muscle tissue is voluntary?
skeletal
105
Which types of muscle tissue are involuntary?
cardiac & smooth
106
What muscular tissue is also known as visceral tissue?
smooth muscle
107
What cells are found in walls of internal organs like stomach, intestines and blood vessels?
smooth muscle cells
108
3 properties of muscular tissue
excitability
contraction
elongate
109
Myofibrils are composed of multiple repeating contractile units called __________
sarcomeres
110
Thick filament is called?
myosin
111
thin filament is called?
actin
112
What binds to myosin and actin
calcium that is released when action potentials reach muscle fiber
113
What provides energy for muscular contraction?
ATP from glucose
114
What houses the testes and keeps sperm at correct temp for spermatogenesis?
scrotum
115
What produces sperm and testosterone?
testes
116
The epididymis does what?
stores sperm as it matures
117
What secretes alkaline fluids with proteins and mucus into ejaculatory duct?
seminal vesicles
118
What secretes milky fluid with proteins and enzymes as part of semen?
prostate gland
119
The bulbourethral (Cowpen's) gland secretes fluid into urethra to neutralize ________ in urethra
acidity
120
3 main male hormones
testosterone
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
121
Luteinizing hormone stimulates production of..?
testosterone
122
FSH stimulates what in males?
spermatogenesis
123
Testosterone provide male ___ characteristics
sex
124
Labia majora and labia minoria provide protection for
vagina
125
What glands secrete lubricating fluid?
Bartholin's
126
What produces ova, secretes estrogen & progesterone?
ovaries
127
Where does fertilization of an egg (oocyte) occur?
fallopian tubes
128
Where does an egg implant?
uterine wall (uterus)
129
During the follicular phase, ____ stimulates maturation of follicle which secretes estrogen. The estrogen regenerates the uterus lining
FSH
130
During ovulation, there is a release of a secondary oocyte from ovary induced by ____ hormone
LH
131
What phase begins with the formation of the corpus luteum?
luteal phase
132
The corpus luteum secretes what?
estrogen and progesterone
133
What hormones maintains thickness of endometrium?
progesterone
134
3 phases of the uterine cycle
proliferative phase
secretory phase
menstruation
135
What phase is characterized by regeneration of uterine lining?
proliferative
136
During secretory phase, the endometrium becomes _________ and nutrients are secreted
vascular
137
Menstruation occurs when there is no ___, and endometrium sheds
egg
138
During pregnancy, what is secreted that prevents corpus luteum from degrading
hCG
139
By 2nd trimester, the ________ secretes estrogen and progesterone
placenta
140
During paturition, there are increased levels of _____ glucocorticoids which act on the placenta to increase estrogen and decrease progesterone
fetal
141
Stretching of the cervix during birth increases _________ from ________ pituitary gland
oxytocin
| posterior
142
during birth, oxytocin & estrogen stimulate release of ___________
prostaglandins
143
prostaglandins and oxytocin increase what?
contractions
144
During lactaction, _________ increases
prolactin
145
What stimulates the production of milk?
prolactin
