science

Question 1

which carbohydrate is used in silvering of mirrors?

Answer 1

glucose (along with AgNO3)

Question 2

egg laying mammal?

Answer 2

Duck billed platypus

Spiny ant eater

Question 3

cartilaginous fish?

Answer 3

aka chondrochythyes

opp of bony fish (osteichythyes)

eg. shark and ray

Question 4

scientific names of:
1. pigeon
2. crow
3. peacock
4. swan
5. gangetic dolphin

Answer 4

1. columba livia
2. corvus
3. pavo cristatus
4. cygnus
5. plataista gangetica

Question 5

normal RBC count in adult male

Answer 5

5-5.5 mn

Question 6

cod liver oil is rich in?

Answer 6

vit A, D, E
omega 3 fatty acid

Question 7

use of and monomer of:
1. rubber?
2. BUNA-S?
3. BUNA-N
4. Teflon?
5. Terylene
6. Glyptal
7. Bakelite
8. PVC
9. Nylon-6

Answer 7

1. tyres, elastic materials; Isoprene
2. synthetic rubber; styrene and butadiene
3. synthetic rubber; butadiene and vinyl cyanide
4. non-stick cookware; tetra fluoro Ethane
5. fabric; Ethylene Glycol and Terephthalic acid
6. fabric; Ethylene Glycol and Phthalic acid
7. Plastic switches, Mugs and Buckets; Phenol and Formaldehyde
8. tubes, pipes; Vinyl chloride
9. fabric; caprolactam

Question 8

interaction between species?

Answer 8

1. Amensalism: (-, 0); Example: A large tree shades a small plant, retarding the growth of the small plant.
2. Competition (-,-)
3. Commensalism: (+, 0); cow dung provides food and shelter to dung beetles. The beetles have no effect on the cows.
4. Mutualism (+,+); The bird oxpecker lives on the rhino and removes all bugs and parasites on the animal skin by eating them. The Rhino provides the bird with food and in return, the bugs removed from the skin of the rhino. Both rhino and the oxpecker is benefited.

Question 9

types and examples of mutualism?

Answer 9

1. Obligate Mutualism: the relationship between two species, in which both are completely dependent on each other. Most of the symbioses and some non-symbiotic are the best examples of obligate mutualism
   eg. The yucca plant, the habitat of the dry and arid climate of the southwestern United States. The flower of the yucca plant relies on the moth for the pollination process. In turn, the moth is benefited by laying its eggs on the flower and feeding the larvae with the seeds.
2. Facultative Mutualism: the partners may coexist without a depending on each other. They, how­ever, form a diffuse relationship involving a varying mixture of species.

For example Honeybees and plants.

Honey bees visit many different plants species for the nectar from the flower and these plants will be visited by the number of the insect as pollinators for pollination.

3. Trophic Mutualism: the partners are specialized in complemen­tary ways to obtain energy and nutrients from each other.

For example The cows and the bacteria.

Cows cannot digest the plant’s cellulose. The bacteria present in the rumens of cows helps in digesting plants cellulose. In reverse bacteria gets food and warm environment, which is required for their growth and development.

4. Defensive Mutualism: one partner receives food and shelter and in return, it helps the partner by defending against the herbivores or predators or parasites.
   eg. Ants live and feed on the nectar of acacia trees. The acacia tree provides home and food for the ants. As they have hollow huge thorns – homes for the ants and yellow swellings on the leaves- food for the ants. In reverse ants acts a guard attacking insects and protects the tree from grazing animals.

another example are aphids (small insects) and ants. aphids provide ants with sugar-rich honeydew as a source of food and the ants protect the aphids against various natural enemies and improve the hygiene of the aphid colony.

Question 10

what is wood spirit?

Answer 10

methaol is aka wood spirit

Question 11

variation of BP of water with pressure?

Answer 11

A liquid at low pressure has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. Because of this, water boils at 99.97 °C (211.95 °F) under standard pressure at sea level, but at 93.4 °C (200.1 °F) at 1,905 metres (6,250 ft)[3] altitude.

Question 12

boiling vs evaporation?

Answer 12

Liquids may change to a vapor at temperatures below their boiling points through the process of evaporation. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon in which molecules located near the liquid’s edge, not contained by enough liquid pressure on that side, escape into the surroundings as vapor. On the other hand, boiling is a process in which molecules anywhere in the liquid escape, resulting in the formation of vapor bubbles within the liquid.

Question 13

Boiling Point change with solute in a solvent?

Answer 13

When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the resulting solution has a higher boiling point than that of the pure solvent. For example, the boiling point of a solution of sodium chloride (salt) and water is greater than that of pure water.

Boiling point elevation is a colligative property of matter, i.e. it is dependent on the solute-to-solvent ratio but not on the solute’s identity.

Question 14

biogas?

Answer 14

Biogas is produced under anaerobic conditions; the process is denominated as anaerobic digestion. The major constituent of biogas is methane (55-70%), CO2 (30-45%) and some traces of gases such as H2S and ammonia.

Question 15

LPG?

Answer 15

The primary components of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are propane, butane, propylene, butylene, and isobutane.

It has various uses such as heating and cooking in homes. LPG also has industrial and agricultural uses.

It is highly flammable as it is much heavier than air.

Question 16

LNG

Answer 16

LNG is typically 85-95% methane. It also contains tiny amounts of ethane, propane, butane and nitrogen; the exact composition varying depending on its source and processing.

LNG is clear, colourless, and odourless. LNG is non-corrosive and non-toxic

Question 17

natural gas?

Answer 17

It is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher alkanes.

Question 18

CNG?

Answer 18

CNG is gaseous, consisting of about 80 to 90 per cent methane

Its primary use is as an alternative for fuel in automobiles.

It produces relatively lower quantities of greenhouse gases (in comparison with LPG).

It is relatively safe as it disperses rapidly into the air.

Question 19

Babbitt Metal?

Answer 19

Babbitt metal, also known as bearing metal, is an alloy that is primarily used in plain bearings as a bearing surface

The typical composition of Babbitt metal is:

Tin (Sn) – 90%
Antimony (Sb) – 7%
Copper (Cu) – 3%
One of the most desirable properties of this alloy is its low measure of friction with steel.

Question 20

Bell metal?

Answer 20

Bell metal is an alloy that is primarily used for making bells and other related instruments (thus the name ‘Bell’ metal). It can be considered a form of bronze that contains a relatively large amount of tin in its composition. The typical composition of bell metal is:

Copper (Cu) – 78%
Tin (Sn) – 22%

This alloy is also used in cooking and eating utensils. It is also used in some types of household decorations.

Question 21

bronze?

Answer 21

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. It is widely used in medals, coins, trophies, heavy gears and tools, and some forms of electrical hardware. The typical composition of bronze is:

Copper (Cu) – 75%
Tin (Sn) – up to 12%
Other elements such as manganese, aluminium, zinc, nickel, silicon, phosphorus, and arsenic
It can be noted that based on the elements used in the alloying, the strength of the bronze may vary. It can be noted that bronze is quite superior to pure copper in terms of hardness. It is also known to be more ductile and machinable than pure copper.

Question 22

Nichrome?

Answer 22

nichrome is an alloy that primarily consists of nickel and chromium. It is not uncommon for nichrome alloys to also contain iron and certain other elements. The typical composition of nichrome alloys is:

Nickel (Ni) 80-85%
Chromium (Cr) 15-20%
Iron and other elements
The primary application of nichrome is in resistance wires. It is also used as the heating element in certain electrical appliances such as space heaters and bread toasters. It can also be noted that nichrome alloys are also employed in some types of dental fillings.

Question 23

connecting link between plants and animals?

Answer 23

Euglena, a protozoa, is called as ‘connecting link’ between plant and animal, because it has characteristics of both plant and animals. Like plants, they have chloroplasts with the help of which they perform photosynthesis. Like animals, they lack cell walls and in absence of sunlight, they possess a structure called as flagellum, which is used to obtain food, therefore performing heterortrophic nutrition.

Question 24

interferon?

Answer 24

are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.

Question 25

light effectivity for stomatal opening?

Answer 25

in dim light or in the night usually the stomata will be closed. When the light intensity increases, the stomata open. Blue and red light stimulate the stomatal opening. Among this, blue is the most effective light for the opening of stomata, it is perceived by phototropins that promote the increase in the solute concentration of guard cells. It also increases the phototropic response. It opens the least under green light

Question 26

red color of tomato because of?

Answer 26

lycopin

Question 27

plant growth regulators?

Answer 27

1. Auxin 2. Cytokinin 3. Gibberellins 4. Abscisic acid 5. Ethylene

Question 28

plant growth regulators: Auxin?

Answer 28

1. First discovered plant growth regulator. Discovered by Charles Darwin and his son, Francis Darwin, when they discovered the presence of a transmittable substance that influences the growth of canary grass towards the light. That transmittable substance was what we know as auxin which was isolated later by F.W. Went. 2. These plant growth regulators are generally produced at the points of stems and roots from where they are transported to other parts of the plants. 3. These plant hormones include both natural and synthetic sources. Indole-3-acetic acid and indole butyric acid are obtained from natural plant sources, whereas naphthalene acetic acid and 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid are obtained from synthetic sources. 4. Functions: Facilitate flowering in plants Used in the process of plant propagation. Used by gardeners to keep lawns free from weeds. Involved in the initiation of roots in stem cuttings. Prevention of dropping of leaves and fruits at early stages. Regulate xylem differentiation and assists in cell division. Auxins are widely used as herbicides to kill dicot weeds. Used to produce fruit without preceding fertilization. used to produce seedless plants Promote natural detachment (abscission) of older leaves and fruits. Apical dominance may occur in which the growth of lateral buds is inhibited by the growth of apical buds. In such cases, the shoot caps may be removed.

Question 29

plant growth regulators: Gibberellins?

Answer 29

1. The first gibberellin to be discovered was gibberellic acid. Now there are more than 100 types of gibberellins and are mainly gathered from a variety of organisms from fungi to higher plants. 2. Functions: Delay senescence (condition or process of deterioration with age) in fruits. Involved in leaf expansion. Break bud and seed dormancy. Promote bolting in cabbages (Bolting describes an edible, frost-tolerant plant like lettuce, cilantro, or other greens quickly going to seed, before we would like. ) and beet. Facilitate elongation of fruits such as apples and enhance their shape. Used by the brewing industry to accelerate the malting process. Used as the spraying agent to increase the yield of sugarcane by elongation of the stem. In young conifers, utilized to fasten the maturity period and facilitate early seed production Helps in increasing the crop yield by increasing the height in plants such as sugarcane and increase the axis length in plants such as grape stalks. 3. Gibberellins are acidic in nature.

Question 30

plant growth regulators: Cytokinin?

Answer 30

1. These are produced in the regions where cell division occurs; mostly in the roots and shoots. Functions: Break bud and seed dormancy. Promotes the growth of the lateral bud. Promotes cell division and apical dominance. They are used to keep flowers fresh for a longer time. Used in tissue culture to induce cell division in mature tissues. Facilitate adventitious shoot formation and lateral shoot growth. Promotes nutrient mobilization that in turn assists delaying leaf senescence. Helps in delaying the process of ageing (senescence) in fresh leaf crops like cabbage and lettuce. Involved in the formation of new leaves and chloroplast organelles within the plant cell. Used to induce the development of shoot and roots along with auxin, depending on the ratio.

Question 31

plant growth regulators: Abscisic acid?

Answer 31

It is a growth inhibitor, which was discovered in the 1960s. It was initially called dormant. Later, another compound abscisin-II was discovered and are commonly called as abscisic acid. This growth inhibitor is synthesized within the stem, leaves, fruits, and seeds of the plant. Mostly, abscisic acid serves as an antagonist to Gibberellic acid. It is also known as the stress hormone as it helps by increasing the plant-tolerance to various types of stress. Functions: Stimulates closing of stomata in the epidermis. Helps in the maturation and development of seeds. Inhibits plant metabolism and seed germination. It is involved in regulating abscission and dormancy. It is widely used as a spraying agent on trees to regulate dropping of fruits. Induces seed-dormancy and aids in withstanding desiccation and various undesired growth factors.

Question 32

plant growth regulators: Ethylene?

Answer 32

Ethylene is a simple, gaseous plant growth regulator, synthesised by most of the plant organs includes ripening fruits and ageing tissues. Ethylene is used as both plant growth promoters and plant growth inhibitors. Ethylene is synthesized by the ripening fruits and ageing tissues. FUnctions: Ethylene is the most widely used plant growth regulator as it helps in regulating many physiological processes. Induce flowering in the mango tree. Promotes sprouting of potato tubers. Breaks the dormancy of seeds and buds. Enhances respiration rate during ripening of fruits. Applied to rubber trees to stimulate the flow of latex. Facilitates senescence and abscission of both flowers and leaves. Used to stimulate the ripening of fruits. For example, tomatoes and citrus fruits. Affects horizontal growth of seedlings and swelling of the axis in dicot seedlings. Increases root hair formation and growth, thus aids plant to expand their surface area for absorption.

Question 33

quinine is obtained from?

Answer 33

from bark of cinchona

Question 34

first flower that bloomed in space?

Answer 34

Genia

Question 35

Photorespiration?

Answer 35

Rubisco is an enzyme that plays an important role in photosynthesis. It binds atm Co2 and this CO2 then goes onto Calvin cycle. But Rubisco can bind with O2 as well. If it binds with O2 instead of CO2 then instead of Calvin cycle, Photorespiration pathway ensues that not only wastes energy but also leads to loss of 3 fixed carbon atoms under these conditions, as comapred to the Calvin cycle that results in a gain of 6 fixed carbon atoms.

Question 36

C3 plants?

Answer 36

A "normal" plant—one that doesn't have photosynthetic adaptations to reduce photorespiration—is called a C3 plant. The first step of the Calvin cycle is the fixation of carbon dioxide by rubisco, and plants that use only this "standard" mechanism of carbon fixation are called C3 plants, for the three-carbon compound (3-PGA) the reaction produces It tends to happens when plants close their stomata (leaf pores) to reduce water loss. High temperatures make it even worse. About 85 percent of the plant species on the planet are C3 plants, including rice, wheat, soybeans and all trees

Question 37

C4 plants?

Answer 37

Some plants, unlike wheat and soybean, can escape the worst effects of photorespiration. The C4 and CAM pathways are two adaptations—beneficial features arising by natural selection—that allow certain species to minimize photorespiration. These pathways work by ensuring that Rubisco always encounters high concentrations of CO2 making it unlikely to bind to O2 C4 plants minimize photorespiration by separating initial CO2 fixation and the Calvin cycle in space, performing these steps in different cell types. eg. corn, sorghum, sugarcane, millet, and switchgrass. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants minimize photorespiration and save water by separating these steps in time, between night and day. eg. Orchids, Cacti, Aloe, Pineapple, Agave, Moringa, Some species of Euphorbia and Bromelioideae, etc. CAM plants are mostly xerophytic.

Question 38

Tendon, ligament and cartilage?

Answer 38

1. Tendons are cord-like, strong inelastic structures that join skeletal muscles to bones. 2. Ligaments are elastic structures which connect bones to bones. They are seen around joints. 3. Cartilage is a tough, flexible connective tissue found in all vertebrates consisting of cartilage cells (chondrocyte) in a matrix of collagen fibres and a rubbery protein gel (containing molecules such as chondrin). It is a type of tissue which is tough almost like bone, but not hard like bone. However, it is tougher than tendon or ligament. Unlike tendon and ligament, cartilage can withstand a great degree of compression. It is found in: -> joints between bones eg the elbows, knees and ankles -> end of ribs -> bwteeen vertebrates in the spine -> ears and nose -> bronchial tubes or airways

Question 39

Marburg virus?

Answer 39

1. Ghana (second in westafrica, first last yr in Guinea) 2. Fruit bat 3 among humans through contact with bodily fluids, surfaces and materials

Question 40

James webb space telescope?

Answer 40

1. Arien 5 rocket 2. French Guyana 3. launched in 2021 4. conducts infrared astronomy 5. As the largest optical telescope in space, its high resolution and sensitivity allow it to view objects too old, distant, or faint for the Hubble Space Telescope, such as observation of the first stars, the formation of the first galaxies, and detailed atmospheric characterization of potentially habitable exoplanets. 6. combined efforts of NASA, ESA and Canadian SA

Question 41

Bali Maina?

Answer 41

Critically endangered scientific name: L. rothschildi

Question 42

quick silver?

Answer 42

mercury aka

Question 43

only moon to have its own magnetic field?

Answer 43

Ganymede, of Jupiter causes auroras

Question 44

umbrella wasp is aka?

Answer 44

paper wasp

Question 45

migratory monarch butterfly?

Answer 45

endangered

Question 46

lumpy skin disease

Answer 46

mainly in RJ and GJ 1. LSD is caused by infection of cattle or water buffalo with the poxvirus Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV). 2. mortality rate is less than 10% 3. was first seen as an epidemic in Zambia in 1929 4. Lumpy skin disease is primarily spread between animals by biting insects (vectors), such as mosquitoes and biting flies. 5. symptoms: fever, fluid excretion from eyes and nose, dribbling of saliva from the mouth and blisters on the body. The animal stops eating and faces problems while chewing or eating, resulting in reduced milk production. 6. Vaccination against these diseases is covered under the Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme of India. 7. There are no specific antiviral drugs available for the treatment of lumpy skin disease.

Question 47

orders of 1. ants 2. spiders 3. cockroach 4. beetle

Answer 47

1. hymenoptera 2. Aranae 3. Blattodea 4. Coleoptera

Question 48

Earth Overshoot day?

Answer 48

28th July in 2022 by Global Footprint Network

Question 49

C180RF25

Answer 49

newly discovered gene related to increase in strength of muscles due to exercise

Question 50

African swine fever?

Answer 50

recently found in kerala 1. highly contagious and fatal animal disease that infects and leads to an acute form of hemorrhagic fever in domestic and wild pigs. 2. first detected in Africa in the 1920s. Historically, outbreaks have been reported in Africa and parts of Europe, South America, and the Caribbean. However, since 2007, the disease has been reported in multiple countries across Africa, Asia and Europe, in both domestic and wild pigs. 3. mortality is close to 95% - 100% and since the fever has no cure or vaccine, the only way to stop its spread is by culling the animals. 4. ASF is not a threat to human beings since it only spreads from animals to other animals. 5. ASF is a disease listed in the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)’s Terrestrial Animal Health Code 6. transmission through contact with bodily fluids, indirect contact, vectors

Question 51

dengue?

Answer 51

Dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti, and, to a lesser extent, by A albopictus. Symptoms for the disease include high fever, severe headache, pain in muscles and bones, and mild bleeding from the nose and gums, among others. Some people might also contract a more severe form of the disease called dengue hemorrhagic fever.

Question 52

chikungunya

Answer 52

This is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of infected infected mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It can cause high fever, join and muscle pain, and headache. There is, however, no specific treatment for the disease. One would need to take rest and consume fluids until the symptoms go away.

Question 53

zika virus?

Answer 53

Zika virus is also transmitted through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. The symptoms are mild and may include fever, joint muscle pain or rash. There's, however, no vaccine to prevent the virus.

Question 54

lymphatic filariasis?

Answer 54

aka elephantiasis, This disease is caused by three thread-like parasitic filarial worms, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori, all transmitted by Female Culex mosquitoes. It damages the lymphatic system and results in painful, swollen limbs. The lymphatic damage may also lead to frequent attacks of infection.

Question 55

Japanese Encaphilitis?

Answer 55

Japanese Encephalitis is also transmitted by mosquitoes like the Aedes or Culiseta mosquitoes. there is vaccine available for it.

Question 56

yellow fever?

Answer 56

prevalent in Africa and parts of South America, is transmitted by the Aedes Aegypti mosquito. The symptoms of the disease are similar to malaria but also include nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.

Question 57

west nile virus?

Answer 57

West Nile Virus is transmitted by various species, the primary species known is Culex Pipiens. Some flu-like symptoms occur and in rare cases, permanent neurological damage or death may also occur.

Question 58

diseases caused by protozoa?

Answer 58

1. Malaria 2. Pyrrohea 3. sleeping sickeness 4.diarrohea 5. kala ajar

Question 59

malaria?

Answer 59

Caused by a parasite Plasmodium, this disease is transmitted via bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply in the liver and affect the red blood cells. Symptoms for the disease include fever, headache and vomiting. Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria parasite discovered by Charles Leveran in 1880; mosquito as carrier confirmed by Ronalad Ross Malignant Malaria is pernicious malaria, caused by plasmodium falciparum

Question 60

pyrrohea?

Answer 60

affects gums Entamoeba Gingivelis

Question 61

sleeping sickness

Answer 61

affects brain Trypanosoma tse-tse flies fever with severe sleep

Question 62

diarrohea

Answer 62

intestine entamoeba histolytica

Question 63

kala ajar

Answer 63

affects bone marrow leismania donovani sand lies high fever

Question 64

diseases caused by bacteria?

Answer 64

1. tetanus 2. cholera 3. typhoid 4. TB 5. Diphtheria 6. Plague 7. Whooping cough 8. pneumonia 9. leprosy 10.Gonorrhea 11. Syphilis 12. Trachoma 13. Anthrax

Question 65

tetanus

Answer 65

nervous system bacteria- clostridium tetani fever, spasms, lock-jaws

Question 66

cholera

Answer 66

intestine vibrio cholera

Question 67

typhoid

Answer 67

intestine salmonella typhia

Question 68

TB

Answer 68

lungs mycobacterium Tuberculosis aka white plague

Question 69

diphtheria

Answer 69

respiratory tube Corynebacterium diphtheria difficulty in breathing and suffocation

Question 70

plague

Answer 70

lungs pasteurella pesties fever, muscular eruptions

Question 71

whooping cough

Answer 71

respiratory system hemophilus pertusis coughing

Question 72

pneumonia

Answer 72

streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 73

leprosy

Answer 73

mycobacterium leprae

Question 74

gonorrhea

Answer 74

Neisseria Gonorrhea

Question 75

Syphilis

Answer 75

Treponema Pallidum

Question 76

Trachoma

Answer 76

eye Chlamydia Trachomatis red eyes, pain in eyes

Question 77

vaccines: 1. DPT 2. BCG 3. OPV

Answer 77

1. Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus; upto 1 yr 2. Bacillus, Calmette-Guerin for TB; 1-4 moths 3. Polio; 2months to 6 yrs

Question 78

diseases caused by virus?

Answer 78

1. AIDS 2.Dengue 3. Polio 4. Influenza 5. chicken pox 6. small pox 7. measles 8. hepatitis 9. Rabies 10. Meningitis 11. Herpes 12. Mumps 13. Rubella

Question 79

Chicken pox?

Answer 79

Varicella-Zoster virus

Question 80

smallpox?

Answer 80

variola virus now eradicated

Question 81

measles?

Answer 81

Morbili virus

Question 82

Herpes?

Answer 82

HSV

Question 83

swine flu

Answer 83

H1N1

Question 84

scientific name of 1. Dog 2. Cats 3. Cheetah 4. Housefly 5. Lion 6. Tiger 7. Panther 8. ant

Answer 84

1. Cannis familiar (domestic dog is cannis lupus familiaris) 2. Felis catus 3. Acinonyx jubatus 4. Musca domestica 5. panthera Leo 6. Panthera Tigris 7. Panthera Pardus 8. Hymenopetrous formicidae