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Geo > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

1
Q

gamete

A

a sex cell containing half the number of chromosomes of other body cells

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2
Q

sperm

A

the male gamete of animals

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3
Q

ovum

A

the female gamete of animals and some plants

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4
Q

haploid

A

a nucleus that contains one complete set of chromosomes; usually found in a gamete

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5
Q

diploid

A

a nucleus that contains two complete sets of chromosomes

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6
Q

meiosis

A

the process that results in the formation of gametes with half the genetic material of the parent cell

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7
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a molecule that contains all the instructions for every job performed by the cell; this information can be passed from one generation to the next

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8
Q

nucleotide

A

the building block of DNA consisting of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base

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9
Q

adenine

A

a nucleotide of DNA or RNA; complementary to thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA

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10
Q

guanine

A

a nucleotide of DNA or RNA; complementary to cytosine

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11
Q

cytosine

A

a nucleotide of DNA or RNA; complementary to guanine

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12
Q

thymine

A

a nucleotide of DNA; complementary to adenine

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13
Q

complementary base

A

a nucleotide base that pairs with its partner nucleotide on the alternative DNA strand. Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine

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14
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

(RNA) a complementary copy of DNA that is able to carry the genetic message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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15
Q

bivalent chromosome

A

a chromosome that has duplicated, consisting of two sister chromatids joined at a centromere

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16
Q

chromatid

A

one half of a duplicated chromosome

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17
Q

karyotype

A

the arrangement of a complete set of chromosomes in pairs of decreasing size

18
Q

gene

A

a specific sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait, usually a protein

19
Q

transcription

A

the formation of complementary RNA from DNA

20
Q

codon

A

sequence of 3 nitrogen bases in RNA

21
Q

translation

A

the formation of a protein from RNA; occurs on a ribosome

22
Q

principle of segregation

A

pairs of gene variants are separated into reproductive cells

23
Q

principle of independent assortment

A

the inheritance of one set of factors from one parent is separate from the inheritance of other factors

24
Q

mutagen

A

a chemical or physical agent that causes a change in DNA

25
Q

genetic mutation

A

a permanent change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

26
Q

allele

A

a version of a gene. Each person inherits one allele from each parent

27
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a particular trait

28
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a particular trait; a carrier for the recessive trait

29
Q

dominant trait

A

a characteristic that needs only one copy of an allele to appear in the physical appearance of an organism

30
Q

recessive trait

A

a characteristic that results from the inheritance of two identical alleles

31
Q

carrier

A

a person who is heterozygous and therefore has one recessive allele that is not expressed in their phenotype

32
Q

genotype

A

the combination of alleles for a particular trait

33
Q

phenotype

A

the physical characteristics that result from an interaction between the genotype and the environment

34
Q

Punnett square

A

a diagram that is used to predict the outcome of breeding organisms

35
Q

autosome

A

a chromosome that does not determine the sex of an organism

36
Q

sex chromosome

A

a chromosome that determines the sex of an organism

37
Q

pedigree

A

a diagram showing the inheritance pattern of a particular trait

38
Q

vector

A

an agent (often a bacteria or virus) used to deliver a trans-gene

39
Q

genetic screening

A

the testing of a cross section of individuals to determine whether they have a particular trait or disease

40
Q

gene probe

A

short sections of nucleotides known to be complementary to the genetic sequence of interest

41
Q

genetic testing

A

the testing of an individual to determine whether they have a particular trait or disease

42
Q

stem cell

A

a cell that can produce a number of different types of cells. Adult stem cells can produce a limited number of cell types (e.g. skin stem cells), whereas embryonic stem cells can produce multiple types of cells

Geo (6 decks)

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