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End of Year Exams (study) > SCIENCE > Flashcards

SCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

How do you use a bunsen burner?

A

-Fasten the pipe with the gas tap and turn it on.
-Half open the air hole and hold a burning splint on top.
-You should expect a flame to light up. Move the air hole to adjust the flame.

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2
Q

Define the following- Hazard and Risk

A

Hazard- Something that could happen if the instructions are not followed properly.

Risk- The chance of something happening.

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3
Q

What is the formula of Magnification?

A

Eyepiece x Objective lens.

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4
Q

When do gravitational forces increase?

A

1) When the masses are larger
2) When the objects are closer.

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5
Q

What is the unit of

-gravity?
-mass?

A

-newtons
-kg

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6
Q

What is the gravitational field strength on Earth?

A

10 N per kg ( 10N/kg )

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7
Q

What is the difference between mass and weight?

A

Your mass is the same no matter where you go in the universe; your weight, on the other hand, changes from place to place.

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8
Q

What is the difference between a pure and an impure solid?

A

A pure substance is made from only one type of particle. An impure substance is made from more than one particle

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9
Q

What are the 8 phases of moon?

A
  • Full moon
  • Waning gibbous
  • Last quarter
  • Waning crescent
  • New moon
  • Waxing crescent
  • First quarter
  • Waxing gibbous
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10
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Evaporation is the process by which a liquid turns into a gas.

Evaporation can occur at any temperature but it occurs mostly most rapidly at its boiling point.

The particles that escape take some energy from the remaining particles and so the temperature of the liquid falls.

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11
Q

What are the units for volume?

A

cm 3/ m 3/ km 3 etc.

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12
Q

What is a particle?

A

The tiny things that all materials are made from.
OR
The smallest unit of matter.

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13
Q

What is sublimation?

A

When a material changes straight from a solid to a gas or gas to solid and skips the liquid phase.

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14
Q

What is sublimation?

A

When a material changes straight from a solid to a gas or gas to solid and skips the liquid phase.

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15
Q

What are the particles in a solid, liquid and gas like?

A

In a solid, particles are held close together, in fixed positions. In a solid, particles can only vibrate.
In a liquid, particles are quite close together but are not held in a pattern. They fill the shape of the container they are in and they slide past each other.
In a gas, particles are held very far apart and they bounce off each other. They are very fast moving.

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16
Q

What are the particles in a solid, liquid and gas like?

A

In a solid, particles are held close together, in fixed positions. In a solid, particles can only vibrate.
In a liquid, particles are quite close together but are not held in a pattern. They fill the shape of the container they are in and they slide past each other.
In a gas, particles are held very far apart and they bounce off each other. They are very fast moving.

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17
Q

What is matter made from?

A

Tiny particles called atoms.

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18
Q

What is the difference between an element, compound and a molecule?

A

An element is a substance that is made from only one type of atom.

A compound is substance that is made from two or more than two types of atoms.

A molecule is a particle that consists of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.

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18
Q

What is the difference between an element, compound and a molecule?

A

An element is a substance that is made from only one type of atom.

A compound is substance that is made from two or more than two types of atoms.

A molecule is a substance that contains two or more non-metal atoms chemically joined together. They could come from the same or different element.

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19
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. Gases and liquids can naturally diffuse but solids cannot.

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20
Q

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

A

When the particles of the substances are not in uniform. The particles do not react or mix with each other.

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21
Q

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

A

When the particles of the substances are not in uniform. The particles do not react or mix with each other.

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22
Q

What is a:

Solute?
Solvent?
Solution?

A

A solute is the substance being dissolved.

A solvent is the substance doing the dissolving.

A solution is the mixture of solute and solvent.

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23
Q

What is a:

Soluble substance?
Insoluble substance?

A

A soluble substance is something that dissolves in a solvent.

An insoluble substance is a substance that does not dissolve in a solvent.

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24
Q

What is solubility?

A

Solubility is the amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent.

For most solutes that are solids, the solubility increases as the temperature of the solution increases, but for most gases, the solubility decreases as the temperature of the solution increases.

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25
Q

What is solubility?

A

Solubility is the amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent.

For most solutes that are solids, the solubility increases as the temperature of the solution increases, but for most gases, the solubility decreases as the temperature of the solution increases.

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26
Q

What is melting point and boiling point?

A

Melting point is the temperature at which a solid starts melting.

Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid starts boiling the fastest.

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27
Q

What is melting point and boiling point?

A

Melting point is the temperature at which a solid starts melting.

Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid starts boiling the fastest.

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28
Q

What is an unicellular organism?

A

An unicellular organism is single celled organism that goes through the seven life processes.

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29
Q

What is

-Filtration?
-Distillation?

A

Filtration is the process of separating an insoluble substance from a liquid.

Distillation is the process of separating a solute from a solvent by still having both substances at the end. This is done by evaporating the liquid and then condensing it into another container.

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30
Q

What is chromatography?

A

It is a technique that uses a difference in solubility to separate a mixture.

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31
Q

What are all the organelles in a plant cell?

A

Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Permanent vacuole

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32
Q

What are all the organelles in a plant cell?

A

Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Permanent vacuole

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33
Q

What are all the organelles in a plant cell?

A

Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Permanent vacuole

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34
Q

What are the 7 life processes?

A

Movement, Reproduction, Sensitivity, Growth, Respiration, Excretion, Nutrition

Remember it as MRS GREN

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35
Q

What are all the organelles in an animal cell?

A

Cell membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria

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36
Q

What are all the organelles in an animal cell?

A

Cell membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria

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37
Q

Electrical potential energy

A

Particles are attached to each other.

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38
Q

How will a wave with a small amplitude sound like?

A

The higher the amplitude, the louder the sound. The smaller the amplitude, the lower the sound.

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39
Q

How will a wave with a low frequency sound like?

A

The lower the frequency, the lower pitched the sound. The higher the frequency, the higher pitched the sound.

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40
Q

What are specialised cells?
Give an example of a specialised cell and the way it is adapted to perform its function.

A

Specialised cells are optimised to perform their function.
A sperm cell has a tail to swim towards the egg.
A red blood cell has an unique structure that can take less space and can carry a lot of oxygen at the same time.

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41
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water from a high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

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42
Q

Describe an amoeba

A

Amoebas have pseudopods (false feet) that help them move around. They change shape to move around. They eat bacteria, algae and plant cells by surrounding their prey. The food vacuole digests the food and the contractile vacuole expels waste and water.

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43
Q

Describe a fungus

A

It is bigger than bacteria and it cannot make its own food so it eats other organisms. It does not move around and spreads by tiny pores instead. It gets carried away by wind and rain and it grows into new cells. Some of them make food go mouldy, while others spread diseases. They break down dead plants.

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44
Q

Describe an euglena

A

They live in water and have chloroplasts because they make their own food. They have an eyespot to detect light, to make food using sunlight (photosynthesis).

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45
Q

Describe a bacteria

A

They have flagella (tails) that let them swim. Their DNA is loose in their cytoplasm. The singular form of bacteria is bacterium.

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46
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy is the ability to do work.

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47
Q

What are energy stores?

A

Energy stores are where energy is kept until it is needed.

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48
Q

What is an energy system?

A

A system is where an object or a group of objects interact.

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49
Q

What is conservation of energy?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed-it is just shifted from one form to another from energy pathways.

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50
Q

What are the 4 energy pathways?

A

It can travel mechanically, electrically, by heating or by radiation.

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51
Q

What is energy measured in?

A

Joules or kilojoules(J or kL) and calories (cals) or kilocalories (kcals).

52
Q

kinetic energy

A

Particles are always moving.

53
Q

What is insulation?

A

Insulation is the process of reducing the flow of energy.

54
Q

Temperature

A

How much kinetic energy there is in each particle on average.

55
Q

Heating

A

The process where energy is transferred due to a difference in temperature between two places. It always goes from a high temperature to a low temperature.

56
Q

Thermal equilibrium

A

Where the temperature is the same and there is no net energy transfer.

57
Q

What is radiation?

A

Radiation is an electromagnetic wave. It does not need matter to travel through.

58
Q

What is condensation?

A

As the water vapour rises, it cools forming clouds.

59
Q

What is conduction?

A

When particles in a solid receive energy, they start to vibrate because they gain energy. Particles near the flame hit their neighbours, transferring this energy to them, and receiving more energy from the flame. Over time, energy is transferred throughout the substance, heating it up.

60
Q

Why are some metals better conductors than others?

A

This is because some metals have free electrons (charged particles). They can move around freely and can transfer energy to the other end of an object and cause the particles to vibrate quicker. Most metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

61
Q

What is convection?

A

As air gets hotter, the particles move faster and further apart. The air expands, becomes less dense and rises to be replaced by colder, dense air. Then, convection currents are set up. Convection only takes place in fluids ( liquids and gases) since the particles in a solid cannot move.

pg 14

62
Q

What is precipitation?

A

The water droplets grow in size until they are dense enough to fall back to the earth’s surface.

63
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Trees and other plants release water vapour from their leaves.

64
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double-helix
It is made up of two strands that are connected by bases.

65
Q

What is condensed DNA called?

A

Chromosomes

66
Q

Where is DNA inside the cell?

A

Cell>Nucleus>Chromosome>DNA>Gene

67
Q

What are the strands in DNA referred to as?

A

Backbones

68
Q

In the DNA bases, what are the valid combinations?

A

A-T T-A and C-G G-C

69
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have in each cell?

A

46 chromosomes.
23 from mum and 23 from dad.

70
Q

What is genome?

A

All the genetic information.

71
Q

What are genes?

A

Gene is a section of DNA. Every chromosome has a matching pair that represents the same body part. One from your mum and the other from your dad. The partner may have identical copies but different versions of others.

72
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

You only need to have ONE allele out of two in order to see the effect.

73
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

You need to have all two out of two alleles in order to see the effect.

74
Q

What are genetic diseases?

A

Genetic diseases are passed on from your parents. Some of them are caused by a dominant allele, which means at least one of the parents should have the disease, but some of them are caused by recessive alleles which means both the parents must be at least carriers.

75
Q

What is a cell?

A

The building blocks of living things.

76
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a certain function.

77
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function.

78
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of different organ that work together to perform a certain function.

79
Q

What do the teeth do and what are the different types of teeth?

A

Teeth help break down your food into smaller pieces so it can pass on. The different types of teeth are- incisors (bite), canines (pierce), premolars and molars (grind and chew).

80
Q

What do the salivary glands do?

A

Release saliva while chewing food so that it is easy for the food to break down.

81
Q

What does the skull do?

A

Protects your brain.

82
Q

What does the oesophagus do?
How does the trachea help?

A

Pushes the food down to the stomach. While this is happening, the trachea closes using a flap so that no food enters the trachea.

83
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Releases enzymes to churn the food. Amylase enzymes break down starch into sugar in the mouth, stomach and small intestine. Protease enzymes break down proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine. Lipase enzymes break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine. Vitamins and minerals do not need churning because their molecules are already small enough to be digested, thus, it is easier to digest vitamins and minerals. The food is then passed on to the small intestine.

84
Q

What do the large intestine, rectum and anus do?

A

The Large intestine removes the water from the food, now called faeces, and transfers the rest of it to the rectum, where it is stored. Then, over time, it is excreted through the anus.

85
Q

How does breathing work?

A

Air enters the body through the mouth and nose, then travelling down the trachea. It moves through the bronchi (small tubes) and then the bronchioles (even smaller tubes) as it goes to the air sac. Oxygen then diffuses into the blood. Carbon dioxide is exhaled in reverse order.

86
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

A

The diaphragm lies below the lungs. As the diaphragm contracts (moves down), the intercostal muscles contract, moving up and out. The volume increases, so the pressure decreases, thus, air is inhaled.

When the diaphragm relaxes (moves up), the intercostal muscles relax moving the rib cage down and in. The volume decreases, so the pressure increases, thus, air is exhaled.

87
Q

What does the ribcage do?

A

Protects your heart and lungs.

88
Q

What does the backbone do?

A

Holds your body upright and protects your spinal cord.

89
Q

What does the kneecap do?

A

Helps bend your leg.

90
Q

What happens in the bone marrow?

A

Red and white blood cells are made.

91
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Carry oxygen around the body.

92
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Protect us against infection.

93
Q

How many bones are there in the human body?

A

206

94
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Support the body, protect vital organs, help the body move, make blood cells etc.

95
Q

What are joints?

A

Joints occur where two or more bones join together. Most joints are flexible, however, some bones in your body are fixed, like your skull.

96
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Allow movement backwards and forwards.

97
Q

What is a transverse wave?

A

The oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.

98
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A

The oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer.

99
Q

Peak/crest

A

the top of a wave

100
Q

trough

A

the bottom of a wave

101
Q

equilibrium line

A

the level of the wave if it flattened out.

102
Q

oscillation

A

a repeated action back and forth or up and down

103
Q

frequency

A

the number of waves that pass every second

104
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

Measurement of frequency

105
Q

seconds

A

the measurement of period

106
Q

Period

A

the time it takes for one complete wave to pass

107
Q

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

A

Allow movement in all directions.

108
Q

What is a fixed joint?

A

Do not allow movement in any direction.

109
Q

What is ligament?

A

Ligament connect bone to bone.

110
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Stops bones rubbing against each other.

111
Q

What is tendon?

A

Connects bone to muscle.

112
Q

What does the fluid do?

A

Allows bones to move freely.

113
Q

What is an antagonistic muscle pair?

A

A pair of muscles that work together at every joint. When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes.

114
Q

What is muscle fatigue?

A

The decline in ability of muscles to generate force.

115
Q

What is a wave?

A

A wave is a transfer of energy. All waves (except electromagnetic) need a medium to travel through. The particles of the medium do not travel with the wave, they just vibrate.

116
Q

wavelength

A

the distance along one full wave cycle

117
Q

metres

A

measurement of wavelength

118
Q

Amplitude

A

the height of the wave above the equilibrium line.

119
Q

Wave speed

A

The speed at which the energy is transferred
unit=m/s
Wave speed=frequency x wavelength

120
Q

Wave front

A

The peak or trough of a transverse wave.

121
Q

Reflection of waves

A

The waves are reflected from the surface at the same angle as they strike it.

122
Q

Refraction of waves

A

When waves slow down, they change direction.

123
Q

Diffraction of waves

A

When a wave travels through a gap, it can spread out.

124
Q

Superposition of a waves

A

When two waves meet each other in step, they add up and the sound produced is even larger.

When two waves meet each other out of step, they cancel out, producing no sound.

125
Q

What is a sound wave?

A

A sound wave is a vibration passing through a material.

126
Q

How does sound reach our ears?

A

The outer ear channels the sound wave .The sound waves pass along the auditory canal. The eardrum vibrates .The vibrating eardrum makes the bones vibrate .The vibrations pass along the auditory nerve to your brain. Your brain sorts the message and you hear sound.

127
Q

What is compression and rarefaction?

A

Compression is when the wave molecules are all compressed. Rarefaction is when all the molecules are spread out.

End of Year Exams (study) (10 decks)

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