Science Flashcards
(216 cards)
1
Q
What type of cell are Skin, Red and White Cells
A
Somatic Cells
Somatic Cells
2
Q
What type of cell is Egg and Sperm cell
A
Sexual Cells
3
Q
Female Gonads or Ova
A
Ovaries
4
Q
Male Gonads (Testis)
A
Testes
5
Q
Glands that produce hormones that are involve in rpoduction
A
Gonads
6
Q
Sometime called Master Gland, Produces hormones that stimulate growth and control the function of glands
A
Pituiary Gland
7
Q
Body’s chemical messenger
A
Hormones
8
Q
A Function that help the body maintain its balance to survive and function correctly
A
Homeostasis
9
Q
Produced by the Ovaries and Testes (Gonads)
A
Sex Hormones
10
Q
The tissue, glands or organs that are involve in producing offspring
A
Reproductive System
11
Q
Production and storage of sperm until they’re mature enough for ejaculation
A
Testes
12
Q
Produces Testosterone
A
Testes
13
Q
Cells that Synthesize sperm
A
Sertoli Cells
14
Q
Production of sperm is called
A
Spermatogenesis
15
Q
Cells that Synthesize Hormones
A
Leydig Cells
16
Q
Group of hormones that bring on Steroid Hormone
A
Androgens
17
Q
Primary androgen for Males and develops the primary and secondary male sexual characteristics
A
Testosterone
18
Q
-Associated with the Repro System
-Develops Repro Organs
-Stimulate Spermatogenesis
A
Primary Sexual Characteristics
19
Q
-Not Directly related to Repro System
-Develop characteristics
A
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
20
Q
System of glands that secrete different types of hormones that affects every cell, organ, and function of your body
A
Endocrine System
21
Q
A physiological regulation system in a living body to its normal/balance state or sometimes called “homeostasis”
A
Feedback Mechanism
22
Q
tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state and make it more unstable
A
Positive Feedback Mechanism
23
Q
tends to hold a system to some equilibrium state making it more stable
A
Negative Feedback Mechanism
24
Q
-Release hormones called GnRH
-Produced in the Hyphothalamus
-Starts the whole chain of events in the brain
-Stimulates the production and release of FSH and LH
A
Gonadotropin
25
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormones
26
LH
Luteinizing Hormone
27
stimulates testes to produce sperm
FSH
28
stimulates testes to produce testosterone
LH
29
A hormone produced by the sertoli cells that provides feedback to the anterior glands to regulate FSH production
Inhibin
30
provides feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituiary gland to regulate GnRH and LH production
Testosterone
31
Other term for egg cell besides Ova
Ovum
32
-produces, nurtures and transports egg cell
-fertilized, protects and nourish an developing embryo
Female Hormones
33
process of production of egg cell
Oogenesis
34
An organ that produce eggs for fertilization
Ovary, Ovum or Ova
35
A small, fluid filled sac in the ovary that contains "one" immature egg
Ovary Follicle
36
a temporary organ that appears every menstrual cycle and disappears if fertilization does not appear
Corpus Luteum
37
passage way for an egg and a sperm to meet and for a fertilized egg to make its way to uterus`
Fallopian Tube
38
Fertilized egg is called ...
Embryo
39
Uterine lining that prepares for implantation, maintenance of preganancy
Endometrium
40
FSH in Females
- signal the development of egg cells
- secretion of estrogen
41
LH in Females
- Luteinizes the follicle in the corpus luteum
- Induces ovulation
- Stimulation of Progesterone Production
42
Responsible for development of the female and regulation of female repro system and secondary sexual characteristics
Estrogen
43
Helps prepare the body for potential pregnancy
Progesterone
44
- Prohibits muscle contractions in the uterus that would cause the body to reject an egg
- Secreted by Ovaries after Ovulation
- Correlates to the thickening of the endomitrium
Progesterone
45
If an egg is not fertilized
Progesterone levels become low and menstruation happens
46
-Mood swing
-Brain fog
-Headaches
-Forgetfulness
-Hot Flashes
-Dry Skin
-Urinary Incontinence
-Vaginal Dryness
-Painful Intercourse
-UTI
-Poor Concentration
-Weight Gain
-Mood Swing
-Anxiety
-Thinning Hair
-Facial Hair
-Lethargy
-Joint Pain
Low Estrogen Effects
47
-Irregular or Misery Periods
-Infertility and Miscarriage
-Headaches and migraines
-Low Sex Drives
-Mood Changes
-Weight Gain
-Unhealthy Hair
-Poor Sleep
-Acne
-Insomnia
Low Progesterone Effects
48
Recurring changes that occur within the female reprodcutive system to make pregnancy possible
Mensturation or Menstrual Cycle
49
Day 1 to 15
Menstrual Phase
50
The Uterus sheds its inner lining of soft tissue and blood vessels which exits the body from the vagina
Menstural Phase
51
-- to -- ml of blood loss is considered normal
10 to 80
52
Day 1 to 13
Follicular Phase
53
Pituiary Glands secretes FSH that stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to grow, then the egg cell start to mature inside the ovary follicle, and while this is happening the follicle secretes progesterone to develop a endometrium
Follicular Phase
54
Day 14
Ovulation Phase
55
-Release of the egg, to go into the fallopian tube by the cilia of the fimbrae
Ovulation Phase
56
Day 15 to 28
Luteal Phase
57
-The egg cell disintegrates when no sperm cell comes, then it causes lowness in progesterone that causes endometrium sheding
Luteal Phase
58
FSH and LH were secreted to start the development of the follicle, the estrogen has a negative feedback on FSH which causes it to stop being screted
First Feedback
59
LH secretion will rise, and ovulation will occur, the increased amount of estrogen causes positive feedback to occur on the LH cells in the Anterior Pituiary
Second Feedback
60
The build up of progesterone and estrogen further increases the formation of the endometrial lining , these hormones work together and send negative feedback to inhibin to release of FSH and LH
Third Feedback
61
A system of cells, tissues and organs that regulates the body's response to internal and external stimuli or sometimes called the control center of the body
Nervous System
62
Serves as the main processing center for the entire nervous system
Central Nervous System
63
Connects the central nervous system to the organs and limbs
Peripheral Nervous System
64
CNS and PNS
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
65
Organ located within the skull that funtions as an organizer and distributor of information for the body
Brain
66
Processes thoughts, judgements, memory, problem solving and language
Cerebrum
67
Controls posture, coordination, balance, unity and control
Cerebellum
68
Connect the brain to the spinal cord and controls functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rate and blood pressure
Brain Stem
69
This serves as a channel for signals between the brain and the rest of the body
Spinal Cord
70
controls simple muscoskeletal reflexes without the input of the brain
Spinal Cord
71
Responsible for relaying sensory and motor information and controls voluntary responses
Somatic Nervous System
72
Handles involuntary movements in the body
Autonomic Nervous System
73
Activated when the body is in a dynamic role of stress
Symphathetic
74
Maintains body function and restores to body to normal or relaxed mode
Parasymphatheitc
75
How many neurons does an Individual have?
Approximately 135 Billion Neurons
76
Detect various sensations such as pain and heat
Sensory Neuron (AFFARENT)
77
Receive information through senses (Sensation)
Sensory Neurons
78
Stimulates sense organs and/or muscle to perform a function or reflex
Motor Neuron (EFFERENT)
79
receive impulses from the brain or the spinal cord and send them to the muscles or glands (Response)
Motor Neurons
80
Allow us to think, see and perceive our surroundings (Integration)
Inter Neurons
81
Any factor in the environment that may trigger a nerve impulse
Stimulus
82
Reaction to a stimuli
Response
83
length of time between application of a stimulus and detection of a response
Reaction Time
84
when information arises from the sensory receptors in the skin, skeletal, muscles or joints
Somatic Sensory Infromation
85
when information arises from sensory receptors in the blood vessels or internal organs
Visceral Sensory Information
86
sweat glands release sweat, which cools your skin as it evaporates
Sweating
87
blood vessels under your skin gets wider and led to release of body heat through heat radiation
Vasodilation
88
your body's muscle, organs and brain produce heat in a variety of ways
Thermogenesis
89
The blood vessels under your skin becomes narrower, restricting blood flow retaining heat near the warm inner body
Vasoconstriction
90
Thyroid gland releases hormones to increase your metabolism, increasing the energy and heat body creates
Hormonal Thermogenesis
91
If blood glucose level are too low
Pancreas releases Glucagon
92
If blood glucose level are too high
Pancreas releases Insulin
93
If Pancreas releases Glucagon
Liver breaks down stored Glycogen and release Glucose into the Blood
94
If Pancreas releases Insulin
Liver removes glucose from blood and stores it as Glycogen
95
a disease caused by broken feedback mechanism, making it difficult for the body to bring high blood sugar down to a healthy level
Diabetes
96
DNA acronym
Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
97
Who worked out that DNA is a double helix like a twisted staircase
James Watson and Francis Crick
98
An acid that contains the genetic information of an organism
DNA
99
What is DNA made of
Nitrogenous Base
100
What does Nitrogenous Base made up of
Nucleotides and Sugar Phosphate Backbone Group
101
Nucleotide consist of five carbon sugar called ...
Deoxyribose
102
Deoxy means ...
Without Oxygen
103
Established the rules regarding the arrangement of nitrogenous base pair
Edwin Chargaff
104
Adenine - Guanine are "2 Rings"
Purines
105
Thymine - Adenine are "1 Ring"
Pyrimidines
106
Process which where in the DNA produces new copies of itself
Replication
107
This process is described as Semi conservative
Replication
108
An enzyme called helicase breaks the bond between nitrogenous bases the two strands of DNA split
Step 1 in DNA Replication
109
The Bases attached to each strand then pair up with the free nucleotides found in the cytoplasm
Step 2 in DNA Replication
110
The one who pairs the DNA with right nucleotides
DNA Polymerase
111
The complementary nucleotides are added to each strand by DNA polymerase to form new strands, Two new DNA molecules, each with a parent strand and each with a new strand formed
Step 3 in DNA Replication
112
RNA acronym
Ribonucleic Acid
113
A molecular chain composed of nucleotides with only one strand and four nitrogenous bases
RNA
114
Replaces the thymine base
Uracil
115
Large complex molecules that most of the work in cells
Protein
116
Required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs
Protein
117
Process which cells make proteins
Protein Synthesis
118
occurs in the cell nucleus and uses the base sequence of DNA
Transcription
119
Occurs in the cytoplasm and converts the information in aseries of three letter words in the mRNA into a sequence
Translation
120
the workers for protein synthesis get the instructions from the DNA on how the protein should be assembled
RNA molecules
121
transcribes the DNA nucleotide bases to RNA nucletiode bases
mRNA (Messenger RNA)
122
binds the mRNA and tRNA to ensure that codons are translated correctly
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
123
translates the mRNA codons into the correct amino acids
tRNA (Transfer RNA)
124
Set of three nucleotides in an mRNA
Codons
125
three nucleotides on a transfer RNA molecule that binds to the complementary codon on messenger RNA
Anti Codons
126
refers to an alteration in genetic sequence of an organism and usually occurs during cell division and protein synthesis
Genetic Mutation
127
Main Cause of Mutation
-Error During Cell Division
-Environmental Factors
-Mutagens
128
Form of toxic chemicals and harmful radiation
Mutagens
129
Mutation of the sex cells or germ-line cells
Sex Cell Mutation
130
Mutation of somatic cells
Body Cell Mutation
131
Can be passed onto the offspring
Sex Cell Mutation
132
Cannot be passed onto the offspring
Body Cell Mutation
133
Occurs at the chromosomes level resulting in gene deletion, duplication ir arrangement, It is caused by parts of chromosomes breaking off or rejoining incorrectly
Chromosomal Mutation
134
Happens when there is a replacement of a nucleotide
Point Mutation
135
A genetic disorder caused by Point Mutation
Sickle Cell Anemia
136
Happens when the substitution of the nucleotide base results into the same necessary amino acid
Silent Mutation
137
Occurs when the codon has been changed because of a substituted base
Missense Mutation
138
when the new amino acid formed has the same properties of the one that was supposed to be produces
Conservative Mutation
139
when the new amino acid formed has different properties of the one that was supposed to be produces
Non Conservative Mutation
140
Occurs when the substituted base results in a stop codon
Nonsense Mutation
141
Happens when one or more nucleotide bases may have been inserted or deleted in a certain codon
Frameshift Mutation
142
Occurs when an additional nucleotide has been inserted in a sequence of codons
Insertion (Frameshift Mutation)
143
When one nucleotide base has been removed from the sequence of codons
Deletion (Frameshift Mutation)
144
Caused by a defective gene that makes the body produce abnormally thick and sticky mucus
Cystic Fibrosis
145
A disease that is cause by a small portion of the LCT gene is deleted
Lactose Intolerance
146
the mutant genes are displayed twice on the smae chromosomes
Duplication (Frameshift Mutation)
147
a part of a chromosome is attached in Inverse orientation
Inversion (Frameshift Mutation)
148
information from one of two homologous chromosomes breaks and binds to the other
Translocation (Frameshift Mutation)
149
Results is an unequal number of chromosomes in the cell
Non Disjunction (Frameshift Mutation)
150
Change in the characteristics within a group of organisms for a period of time through nature selection resulting to the development of a new species
Evolution
151
remains of living things that lived long ago and were preserved from geological activity
Fossils
152
Fossilized imprint form in the substance
Mold/Impression Fossil
153
A mold fills with sediment and then hardens into rock
Cast Fossil
154
contain information about preserved footprints, trails burrows or any stamps that reveal about how things lived
Trace Fossil
155
Large body parts of an organism that have been substituted by minerals
True Form Fossil
156
Who discovered the Luzonesis in 2007 at Callao, Cave?
Dr. Armand Mijares
157
Oldest human fossile found in the Philippines is about ... years old
134,000 y/o
158
a method used to determine the age of the rocks by comparing them with the rocks in the other layers
Rock Formation
159
The younger rock is found on the top layer and the older rock is found on the bottom layer
Superstition
160
Refers to the time record of the life forms and geological events in Earth's History
Geological Time Scale
161
measured in billions of years, largest/longest time unit
Eon
162
defined by the differences in life forms found in rock and measure in hundred or million to billion of years
Era
163
measured in tens of millions of years to hundreds of millions of years, defined by the life forms that were abundant or became extinct during the time
Period
164
The smallest time unit
Epoch
165
method used to determine the age of rocks using the decoy of radioactive isotopes present in rocks
Radiometric Dating
166
First human ancestor
5 to 7 million years ago
167
Oldest fossil and most complete human fossil ever found (40% of a human skeleton)
Lucy
168
Where is Lucy found?
Hadar, Ethiopia
169
Lucy was dated back at...
3.2 Million years ago
170
Father of Modern Taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus
171
refers to the gradual change in a population's genetic composition over successive generations
Evolution
172
Scientific discipline that studies the similarities and differences in the body structures
Comparative Anatomy
173
study of an organism's embryonic progress provides further clues to its evolutionary past
Comparative Embryology
174
Similar Internal frameworks, positions and embryonic development
Homologous Structure
175
Similar in function but different origin
Analogous Structure
176
Anatomical structures that are present but no longer functioning
Vestigial Structures
177
Known as comparative biochemistry or genomics
Genetic Information
178
First Evolutionist that believe that organism change over time
Jean Baptiste De Lamarck
179
Theory that states organisms change in response to their environment
Theory of Need
180
organs that are not used disappear while organs in use develops
Theory of Use and Misuse
181
Inherited by their offspring and propagated by the next generation
Theory of Acquired Characteristics
182
A Explorer and Evolutionist that Voyage the Galapagos Island in his ship named HMS Eagle
Charles Darwin
183
Charles Darwin published a book called "On the Origins of Species" by means of? ____________ in 1859
Natural Selection
184
Theory that states that With the condition of the environment only the fittest survive
Theory of Natural Selection
185
Theory that states that selects the best and desirable traits to propagate
Theory of Artificial Selection
186
shows the sequence of how organism feed on one another
Food Chain
187
Organism that makes their own food using the sunlight
Producers
188
organisms that fed on producers or other of itself
Consumers
189
break down dead organism in to particles and creates new compound
Decomposers
190
Variation of Living things in a specific area
Biodiversity
191
Different species within a region or community
Species Diversity
192
refers to the variation of genes within species
Genetic Diversity
193
Different biomes characterized by adaptation of organisms in a particular movement
Ecosystem Diversity
194
their products are sources of food, clothes, medicine, energy, needs
Direct Economic Value
195
benefits produced by the organisms without using them
Indirect value
196
provides visual enjoyment, or used in spiritual meditation
Aesthetic Value
197
series of food chain
Food Web
198
to blend in with their surroundings
Camoflauge
199
to imitate and copycat another species
Mimicry
200
include substance utilized by prey that are harmful to invading organisms
Chemical Defenses
201
cover the body and protect animals from external factors
Body Coverings
202
organisms in an ecosystem that reproduce quickly and have few natural predators
Non Native Species
203
species that decrease the biodivesity in an ecosystem by taking resources and space from native species
Invasive Species
204
organisms of the same group of species who live in a particular geographical location and have the potential to interbreed
Population
205
the number of births in a population
Birthrate
206
the number of organisms that are dying
Deathrate
207
the total number of members of a population
Population Size
208
Maximum size of a population that an environment can support
Carrying Capacity
209
factors that can limit or reduce the population size
Limiting Factors
210
(Factor that affect Population Size)
-Sunlight & Temperature
-Precipitation Waste
-Soil nutrients
Abiotic Factors
211
(Factor that affect Population Size)
- Adaptations
Instrinsic Factors
212
(Factor that affect Population Size)
-Other Living Organism
Biotic Factors
213
(Factor that affect Population Growth)
-influence population growth varies depending on population density
Density-Dependent Limiting Factor
214
(Factor that affect Population Growth)
-affect populations regardless of their population size
Density-Independent Limiting Factors
215
there are plenty of resources available for all organisms; so more births are recorded than deaths in organisms
Exponential Population Growth
216
population expansion decreases as resources become scarce, and it levels off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached
Logistic Growth
