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Flashcards in Science Deck (35)
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1
Q

what branches off the abdominal aorta at T12

A

celiac trunk

2
Q

what are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk

A

left gastric
splenic
common hepatic

3
Q

which artery comes off the common hepatic and joins the left gastric (celiac trunk)

A

right gastric

4
Q

what is the first branch of the common hepatic

A

gastroduodenal

5
Q

when the common hepatic gives off the gastroduodenal what does it become (celiac trunk)

A

hepatic proper

6
Q

at what level of the abdo aorta do the renal arteries branch off

A

L1

7
Q

apart form the renal arteries, what else branches off the abdo aorta at L1

A

superior mesenteric artery

8
Q

what branches off the abdo aorta at L2

A

gonadal arteries

9
Q

what branches off the abdo aorta at L3

A

inferior mesenteric artery

10
Q

at what vertebral level does the abdo aorta bifurcate into the left and right common iliacs

A

L4

11
Q

where does the inferior mesenteric vein drain

A

splenic vein

12
Q

when the splenic vein and superior mesenteric veins join, what do they become

A

hepatic portal vein

13
Q

which enzyme converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the glycogenesis pathway

A

hexokinase

14
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occur (breakdown of glucose)

A

liver

15
Q

in beta oxidation (fatty acyl coA to acetyl coA) how many ATP are produced for a fatty acid with ā€˜nā€™ carbons

A

ATP = 7n-6 where n=number of carbons in fatty acid

16
Q

in the catabolism of which substance is urea made (from ammonium ions)

A

amino acid catabolism

17
Q

where are peyers patches

A

epithelium of GI tract

18
Q

main antibody in the gut

what does a deficiency in this present as

A

IgA

coeliac disease

19
Q

in the salivary glands;

where does secretion of saliva happen

where does secondary modification of saliva happen

A

acinar cells

duct cells

20
Q

which cell do parasympathetics work on to increase salivary secretion

A

M3 (Gq)

21
Q

in the stomach, what do G cells secrete

what to D cells secrete

A

G cells = gastrin

D cells = somatostatin

22
Q

what do PPIs eg omeprazole do

what are they used for (2)

A

inhibit gastric acid secretion

gastric ulcers, GORD

23
Q

how do you treat dyspepsia

why dont you use a PPI

A

H2 receptor antagonist (eg ranitidine)

bc they do the same job, just work faster

24
Q

what is ALT specific to

when is it high in the blood

A

liver (aLt = Liver)

hepatocyte damage

25
Q

what is AST comparable to

when is it high in the blood

A

ALT

hepatocyte (and heart and kidney) damage = non specific

26
Q

what does AST>ALT imply

A

alcoholic fatty liver disease

wASTed

27
Q

what is ALP specific to

when is it high

A

biliary ducts

gallstones, PBC, PSC, pancreatic cancer

28
Q

when is GGT raised

A

alcoholic liver disease

GGT = Good Gin and Tonic

29
Q

where is the problem if there is unconjugated bilirubin

A

pre hepatic (haemolytic anaemia)

30
Q

where is the problem if there i conjugated bilirubin

A

hepatic or post hepatic (bile duct obstruction) jaundice

31
Q

high amylase

A

pancreatitis

32
Q

where is albumin made

low albumin

A

liver

advanced cirrhosis

33
Q

increased prothrombin time (INR) can be caused by liver disease

what other 2 things can increase INR

A

over coagulation

vit K deficiency

34
Q

alcohol consumption guidelines

A

14 units max per week over at least 3 days (with several alcohol free days)

35
Q

how much is 1 unit of alcohol in terms of pure alcohol

A

1 unit = 10ml of pure booze