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JUNE EXAMS 2025 > SCIENCE - ELECTRICITY > Flashcards

SCIENCE - ELECTRICITY Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Electrical Energy

A

the energy of charged particles

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2
Q

What uses electrical energy?

A

The human body
Eg. Moving your eyes to read relies on electrical signals in your muscle
Eg. Electrical signals help maintain breathing and heartbeat
Technology - eg. touch sensitive screens and robots, maglev trains

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3
Q

Many different types of energy can be transformed into electrical energy

A

Energy is neither created or destroyed
It is transformed from one kind of energy to another kind of energy

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4
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy

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5
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

: Energy of motion

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6
Q

Potential Energy

A

: Stored energy that a system has due to its position or condition

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7
Q

Mechanical Energy example?

A

Eg. Water at the top of a waterfall, just before it falls, has potential energy because of its position, and kinetic energy because it is moving

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8
Q

Chemical Energy

A

: Energy stored in chemical bonds, and released when a chemical reaction occurs
Eg. Batteries store chemical energy
Eg. Chemical energy stored in animals and plants is called biomass
Eg. Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) store chemical energy

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9
Q

Solar Energy:

A

Energy carried by electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun
Fossil fuels and biomass result from energy from the Sun being captured by plants and plant-like organisms

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10
Q

Nuclear Energy

A

: Energy generated by forming new atoms

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11
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

: New atoms are made as smaller atoms collide and fuse (occur in the Sun and stars) -> lots of energy

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12
Q

Nuclear fission

A

: New atoms are made by splitting larger atoms (carried out in reactors on Earth) ???

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13
Q

Thermal Energy

A

: Energy due to the rapid motion of particles that make up an object; detected as heat
Sources include nuclear reactions or from Earth’s interior (geothermal energy), where steam and hot water form naturally
Eg. Geysers, volcanoes, hot springs
Eg. Harrison Hot Springs, where earth’s core is thinner = more geothermal energy

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14
Q

Generator system

A

A system that transforms kinetic energy to electrical energy

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15
Q

Turbine

A

Steam, water, or wind cause the turbine to spin

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16
Q

Shaft

A

As the turbine spins, the shaft spins

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17
Q

Generator

A

Kinetic energy of the spinning shaft is transformed into electrical energy inside the generator

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18
Q

STATIC CHARGE

A

Static Charge is static electricity: It is electric charge that stays in the same place until it is lost to other objects or to the air.

What’s it measured in?
It’s measured in coulombs, which is the unit of electric charge.

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19
Q

CHARGED MATERIALS

A

If electrons (negatively charged) are rubbed off of one material, the protons stay behind and the material becomes electrically charged. The material that gains the electrons also becomes electrically charged.
When a neutral atom loses electrons, it becomes positive (2- (-2) = 2+2)
When a neutral atom gains electrons, it becomes negative (2+(-2) = 2-2)

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20
Q

UNCHARGED MATERIALS

A

Before two materials are rubbed together, they are both neutral objects. If the positive and negative charges are the same, the object is neutral.
In a solid material, the nucleus stays in the center of the atom, but the electrons may be rubbed off a material. (the transfer of electrons)

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21
Q

REVIEW of positive and negative charge in the atom

A

Atoms contain subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. A neutral object contains an equal number of both protons and electrons.

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22
Q

Friction & Electronic Transfer

A

Friction: when objects rub against each other. This results in an object losing electrons and the other gaining electrons. Electrons can stay on the surface of the new material or can travel through it.

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23
Q

Insulators & Conductors

A

Insulators: materials that DO NOT allow electrons to move easily. They can retain a static charge.
Examples: glass, plastics, ceramics, dry wood
Conductors: materials that DO allow electrons to move easily. They allow a charge to FLOW.
Examples: metals

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24
Q

CONDUCTIVITY

A

Conductivity is an indication of how easily charges can travel through a material. Electrons can move through almost all metals, which are conductors. Some electrons can move more easily in metals than others.
Rule: The higher the conductivity of a material, the more easily electrons can move through

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25
Generating Static Charge & the Van de Graff generator
Van de Graff Generator: this uses friction to produce a huge amount of static charge on a metal dome. A moving belt produces a static charge at the base of the generator. The belt then carries the charge to the metal dome, where it is collected. Examples: Jumping on a trampoline, slippers on a carpeted floor and then touching a metal doorknob, going down a plastic slide and touching someone. Grounding-connecting: this connects all neutral points of conductors that carry currents to the Earth. This allows the electricity to flow in a low-resistance path.
26
ELECTRIC FORCE: push or pull between charged objects
Contact forces: forces that only affect objects that they touch. Action-at-a-distance: forces that can affect an object without touching it. Examples: An electric force is an example of an action-at-a-distance force.
27
The Laws of Static Charge
1. Like charges repel Positive-positive charges repel Negative-negative charges repel 2. Opposite charges attract Positive-negative attract 3. Neutral objects are attracted to charged objects Positive-neutral attract Negative-neutral attract
28
Coulomb's Law
If the amount of charge increases, the electric force increases If the distance between charged objects increases, the electric force decreases
29
Charging by Conduction
Objects become charged through contact Examples: Friction, walking across a carpet and touching a metal doorknob. When objects touch, electrons then move to their former object to their new one.
30
The Attraction of Neutral Objects
Induction explains why neutral objects are attracted to charged objects. Neutral objects are attracted to charged objects because the neutral objects are temporarily charged by induction. Example: A balloon that is rubbed on a sweater (charged by conduction) and becomes negatively charged will stick to a neutral wall. The balloon’s negative charges will repel the wall’s negative charges. The wall becomes positively charged through induction.
31
Charging by Induction
When objects are charged without touching or making any direct contact. Electrons DO NOT move from one object to the other. Electrons reposition themselves in the object that becomes charged. The charge is temporary, since no electrons are transferred Examples: Dust on TV screen -> a charged TV screen attracts the dust.
32
Electric Potential Energy & Voltage
Electrochemical cells: convert chemical energy into electrical energy Battery: a single electrochemical cell or a combination of electrochemical cells that are connected. Terminals: endpoints of an electrochemical cell or battery where connections are made. Negative Terminal - end where electrons accumulate Positive Terminal - end that has lost electrons
33
Producing Voltage
The two terminals in an electrochemical cell or battery are called ELECTRODES. These electrodes are in an electrolyte, which is a substance that conducts electricity. Examples: Gatorade - electrical current is used in our bodies to be energized.
34
The two groups of cells
:Dry cells: electrolyte is a moist paste Examples - used in flashlights and watches Wet cells: electrolyte is a liquid Examples - used in cars and motorcycles The amount of voltage produced from an electrochemical cell depends on the types of metal (electrodes) and electrolyte used. Most electrochemical cells produce 1.5V or 2V.
35
Electric Potential Energy
The electrical energy stored in an electrochemical cell Energy is the ability to do work. Electric energy can do work. *When unlike charges are moved farther apart, they gain electric potential energy. Electric energy that is stored is potential energy. Electric energy that is moving is kinetic energy.
36
The Process of Energy in a Circuit
In a circuit: 1) Chemical energy in the battery separates positive and negative charges and gives electrons on the negative terminal electric potential energy. 2) Electrons move across the wire as they are repelled by the negative terminal and attracted to the positive terminal. 3) Potential energy is transformed into other forms of energy when it passes through a load Examples: buzzers when transformed into sound energy.
37
Electric Potential Difference
Voltage: the amount of electric potential energy per coulomb of charge Volt (V): measures voltage between two locations of charge separation The actual electric potential energy is the product of both the voltage and the amount of charge Energy = Voltage x Charge
38
Electric Current
Electric circuit: a complete pathway that allows electrons to flow
39
Circuit Components
Source: where the electrical energy comes from (electrochemical cell or battery) Conductor: the wire through which electric current flows Load: a device that converts into electrical energy into other forms of energy When electrons pass through a load, they lose electrical energy once it’s converted to another type of energy. A load resists the flow of current. Examples: light bulbs, heaters, radios Switch: a device that can turn the circuit on or off by closing or opening the circuit. It controls the flow of current.
40
BRO, ELECTRONS ARE SO DAMN PUSHAYYY
All electrons have a negative charge, meaning that all electrons repel/push each other. Electrons in every part of a circuit are “pushing” each other, so when a circuit is closed, the load works immediately.
41
Current electricity
the continous flow of charge in a complete circuit
42
Circuit diagram
a diagram that uses symbols to represent different components of an electric circuit
43
Electric current
the amount of charge passing in a conductor every second
44
Amperes
one coloumb of charge passing a given point per second
45
Ammeter
a device used to measure the current in a circuit
46
Resistance
the property of a material that slows down the flow of electrons and converts electrical energy into other forms of energy ## Footnote measured in ohms
47
Resistor
Electrical component that has a specific resistance | a resistor slows doen the resistance marked on their resistor
48
The 3 F's of a Resistor
1. Length of the material the current passes through (longer=more resistance) 2. The cross-sectional area is inversely proportional to the resistance (thinner=more resistance) 3. Type of material the current passes through (material's restistivity)
49
Voltage vs. Resistance vs. Current
If you increase voltage, the current will increase. If you increase the resistance, the current will decrease
50
Short Circuit
A circuit with a resistance that is too low, which makes the current so high that it is DANGEROUS
51
What is the Ohm's Law?
Voltage (V) = Current (I) x Resistance (R) Triangle effect: V I R
52
Conversion of Prefixes
milli (m) represents 1/1000 kilo (k) represents 1000 mega (M) represents 1 000 000
53
A Series Circuit
a circuit that has only one path for current to travel through (ex. Christmas lights)
54
Parallel Circuit
a circuit that has more than one path for current to travel through (ex. house lights)
55
pathways in a series circuit
electrons must travel through all components of the circuit - if one part of a circuit is not connected (eg. a switch is open), all electrons are blocked and the current stops
56
voltage and current in a series circuit
in an electric circuit, the charge that leaves a battery "loses" all its voltage before it returns to the battery - each load in a series circuit loses a portion of the total voltage supplied by the battery - in a series circuit total voltage of the circuit = sum of the voltages lost on the loads - the current in each part of a series circuit is equal
57
Resistors in a series circuit
Resistors in a series a circuit increase the total resistance of the circuit - if you increase the total resistance of the circuit, the total current throughout the circuit decreases
58
pathways in a parallel circuit
a closed pathway that has several different paths for electrons to travel in order to return to the battery
59
Voltage and current in a parallel circuit
in an electric circuit, the charge that leaves a battery loses all its voltage before it returns to the batter since the pathways of a parallel circuit all connect at the same location, the voltage lost on each of these pathways is identical - loads that are in PARALLEL have the same voltage Junction point --------------------------- where a circuit divides into multiple paths, or where multiple paths join - no current is created or destroyed, it is only split into different pathways - current entering must divide among the possible paths - the amount of current through each of these pathways is dependent on the resistance of the path - the total current entering a junction point must equal the sum of the current leaving the junction point
60
Resistors in a parallel circuit
When you place a resistor in parallel with another resistor, you create another pathway so the total resistance must decrease (there are more paths for the electrons to flow so less backup) - more current will travel through a path of lower resistance than a path of higher resistance
61
How is wind used as an energy source?
Kinetic energy of wind is transformed into electrical energy as the moving air turns the turbine of a generator system
62
How is sunlight used as an energy source?
Photovoltaic cells transform the energy of visible light to electrical energy When visible light strikes electrons in the photovoltaic cells, the electrons absorb enough energy to flow freely and generate electrical energy
63
What are Photovoltaic cells?
Solar cells that are devices used to convert sunlight directly into electricity
64
Renewable energy source
An energy source that is available on a continuous basis Eg. sunlight, wind, river flow, tides and waves, geothermal sources, biomass
65
Nonrenewable energy source
an energy source that is non replaceable in a human lifetime Eg. coal, natural gas, uranium
66
First Peoples Ecosystem Based Management
Respect and responsibility (making decisions that respect the natural world; responsible use of resources) Intergenerational knowledge (listening to elders and sharing knowledge between generations) Balance and interconnectedness (balance makes sure future generators are considered; interconnectedness takes many relationships with an ecosystem into consideration) Giving and receiving (giving thanks for natural resources recognizes their value; benefits of resources are shared in a community)
67
What is coloumb's law?
If the amount of charge increases, the amount of electric force increases?
68
What are the two types of forces?
1. Contact force: forces that can have an affect only on objects when they TOUCH 2. Action-at-a-distance force: forces that can have an effect on an object WITHOUT touching it

JUNE EXAMS 2025 (9 decks)

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