Science final exam - trimester 3

Question 1

single-celled prokaryotic, microscopic organism

Answer 1

bacterium

Question 2

two things missing from all prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

nucleus, organelles

Question 3

why is bacteria DNA called “naked”

Answer 3

just floats in the cytoplasm, not protected by nucleus

Question 4

three shapes of bacteria

Answer 4

• round
• rod
• spiral

Question 5

four ways bacteria obtain nutrients and energy

Answer 5

• feed on dead organisms
• take nutrients from living organisms
• energy from sun
• energy from chemical reactions

Question 6

aerobic bacteria need ___ to survive

Answer 6

oxygen

Question 7

anaerobic bacteria do NOT need ___ to survive

Answer 7

oxygen

Question 8

whiplike structure used to move bacteria

Answer 8

flagella

Question 9

short hair-like structures on bacteria that help them stick to surfaces

Answer 9

pili

Question 10

form of cell division that bacteria use to produce two genetically identical cells

Answer 10

fission

Question 11

how long does fission take?

Answer 11

20 minutes

Question 12

how bacteria attach to each other and combine their DNA

Answer 12

conjugation

Question 13

forms when bacteria build a thick internal wall to protect themselves from heat or drought

Answer 13

endospore

Question 14

group of prokaryotes that used to be grouped as bacteria, but aren’t anymore

Answer 14

archaeans

Question 15

five characteristics of archaeans

Answer 15

• no nucleus
• no organelles
• YES cell wall
• circular chromosome
• live in extreme environments like hot springs and salt lakes

Question 16

five ways bacteria are beneficial

Answer 16

bioremediation, digestion, food production, nitrogen fixation, decomposition

Question 17

using bacteria to clean up environmental pollution like oil spills or uranium leaks

Answer 17

bioremediation

Question 18

foods that are made using bacteria

Answer 18

soy sauce, yogurt, cheese, vinegar

Question 19

when bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form that plants can use

Answer 19

nitrogen fixation

Question 20

when bacteria break down dead organisms, helping organisms to grow

Answer 20

decomposition

Question 21

anything that causes disease

Answer 21

pathogen

Question 22

medicines that stop bacteria from growing or reproducing

Answer 22

antibiotic

Question 23

two ways bacteria might enter the body

Answer 23

• inhale

- eat

Question 24

two ways bacteria might cause infection

Answer 24

• damage tissue

- release toxins

Question 25

steps in antibiotic resistance (bacteria become immune)

Answer 25

1) some bacteria naturally have a mutation that makes antibiotic resistance 2) treat the bacteria with an antibiotic, only the resistant bacteria survive 3) the resistant bacteria reproduce

Question 26

heating food to a temperature that kills most harmful bacteria

Answer 26

pasteurization

Question 27

the manner in which traits are passed from parents to offspring

Answer 27

heredity

Question 28

a __ trait masks (or hides) another trait

Answer 28

dominant

Question 29

a ___ is masked (or hidden) by another trait

Answer 29

recessive

Question 30

father of genetics

Answer 30

Mendel

Question 31

why pea plants were a great choice for Mendel's experiments

Answer 31

- grow fast - lots of simple traits - can self-pollinate OR cross-pollinate

Question 32

process by which one plant fertilizes itself or another plant, causing the production of offspring

Answer 32

pollination

Question 33

plants with parents that look like them can be called ___-breeding plants

Answer 33

true-breeding

Question 34

process by which one plant pollinates a DIFFERENT plant

Answer 34

cross-pollination

Question 35

In Mendel's first cross, he crossed true-breeding purple plants with true-breeding white plants. The offspring were...

Answer 35

all purple

Question 36

In Mendel's second cross, he self-pollinated the purple plants that were created by his first cross. The offspring were...

Answer 36

75% purple, 25% white

Question 37

a gene travels on a long piece of DNA called a ___

Answer 37

chromosome

Question 38

__ are different versions of genes. For example, there is one for purple plants and a different one for white plants

Answer 38

alleles

Question 39

An organism's __ is its physical appearance or trait

Answer 39

phenotype

Question 40

An organism's __ is the combination of alleles that it has for a particular trait. The combination can be heterozygous or homozygous

Answer 40

genotype

Question 41

homozygous dominant genotype

Answer 41

AA

Question 42

homozygous recessive genotype

Answer 42

aa

Question 43

heterozygous genotype

Answer 43

Aa

Question 44

type of chart that can be used to predict the types of offspring that parents will have

Answer 44

Punnett square

Question 45

true/false: a virus is alive

Answer 45

false

Question 46

two key parts of a virus

Answer 46

genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

Question 47

Viruses cannot reproduce on their own. In order to reproduce, viruses require the help of a __ cell.

Answer 47

host

Question 48

A(n) ___ virus is one that is not actively reproducing or harming its host

Answer 48

latent

Question 49

A(n) ___ virus is one that is reproducing and is harming its host

Answer 49

active

Question 50

Viral infections are difficult to treat because viruses are constantly __

Answer 50

mutating, changing

Question 51

a protein produced by your body's immune system that attacks bacteria and viruses

Answer 51

antibody

Question 52

a small dose of a virus that prevents infection by introducing your body to the virus, so that your immune system recognizes it the next time you get sick

Answer 52

vaccine