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Science > Science Half Yearly Yr 9 > Flashcards

Science Half Yearly Yr 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the law of conservation of energy state?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or transformed from one form to another.

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2
Q

Provide an example of energy transfer.

A

The kinetic energy in a foot is transferred into kinetic energy in a ball.

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3
Q

Provide an example of energy transformation.

A

Gravitational potential energy in a roller coaster is transformed into kinetic energy.

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4
Q

Define energy efficiency.

A

Energy efficiency is how much usable energy is produced compared to the energy supplied.

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5
Q

How is energy efficiency described in terms of input and output?

A

Energy efficiency is the amount of useful energy output compared to the energy input.

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6
Q

Calculate the energy efficiency of a laptop if it produces sound, light, and heat.

A

Energy efficiency = useful energy output / total energy input x 100.

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7
Q

Identify common sources of energy loss.

A
  • Heat
  • Friction
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8
Q

Describe a practical method to improve energy efficiency.

A

Using insulation to prevent heat loss.

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9
Q

Name various renewable energy sources.

A
  • Solar
  • Wind
  • Geothermal
  • Wave
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10
Q

Name various non-renewable energy sources.

A
  • Coal
  • Crude oil
  • Natural gas
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11
Q

What are the advantages of fossil fuels?

A
  • Available on a large scale
  • Cheap to obtain
  • Energy-dense
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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?

A
  • Produce pollution and greenhouse gases
  • Contribute to global warming
  • Damages habitats
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13
Q

How is nuclear energy produced?

A

By splitting atoms using a process called nuclear fission.

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14
Q

What is the energy conversion process in nuclear energy?

A

Nuclear to thermal to electrical.

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15
Q

What are the advantages of nuclear energy?

A
  • Large amount of energy from a small amount of fuel
  • No greenhouse gases produced
  • Very reliable
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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of nuclear energy?

A
  • Produces radioactive waste
  • Expensive to build and remove
  • Risk of nuclear explosion
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17
Q

Describe how hydroelectric power stations generate electricity.

A

Water stored in dams at high elevations is released, converting gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy.

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18
Q

What are the advantages of wind energy?

A
  • Does not produce emissions
  • Renewable
  • Free
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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of wind energy?

A
  • Requires wind
  • Costly to make turbines
  • May cause aesthetic and noise pollution
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20
Q

What is Ohm’s Law?

A

V = IR, where voltage (V) is equal to current (I) multiplied by resistance (R).

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21
Q

Define current.

A

The flow of electric charge through a circuit.

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22
Q

Define resistance.

A

The opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit.

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23
Q

What factors affect resistance?

A
  • Material
  • Length
  • Thickness of a conductor
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24
Q

What is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance?

A

For a constant current, voltage varies directly with resistance.

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25
What is a series circuit?
A circuit where components are connected end-to-end in a single path.
26
What is a parallel circuit?
A circuit where components are connected across multiple paths.
27
What is energy efficiency expressed as?
Energy efficiency % = useful energy output (joules) / total energy input (joules) x 100.
28
What are strategies to optimize energy use?
* Increase energy efficiency * Use renewable energy sources * Reduce waste in energy systems
29
What are key reasons for developing alternative energy sources?
* Reduce greenhouse gas emissions * Address resource depletion * Ensure energy security
30
What is space solar energy?
Space-based solar technologies capture sunlight in space and convert it into microwave or laser beams.
31
What are alternative energy sources?
Sources that ensure energy security and provide power during outages
32
List three examples of alternative energy sources.
* Solar * Wind * Nuclear
33
What is Space Solar Energy?
Space-based solar technologies capture sunlight in space, converting it into microwave or laser beams
34
What are the benefits of Space Solar Energy?
* Consistent energy source * Environmentally friendly * Frees up land on Earth * Globally accessible energy transportability
35
What are the drawbacks of Space Solar Energy?
* High cost * Requires advanced technology * Needs government warrants for launches * Potential space debris
36
What is wave energy?
Energy harnessed from the movement of ocean waves to generate electricity
37
What are the advantages of wave energy?
* Sustainable * Predictable * Reliable energy supply * Little impact on marine ecosystems
38
What are the limitations of wave energy?
* High installation and maintenance costs * Only usable in coastal regions with strong waves * Affects coastal erosion
39
What is Home Solar?
A system of solar panels installed on properties to capture sunlight for household electricity
40
What are the benefits of Home Solar?
* Reduces reliance on traditional energy sources * Lowers electricity bills * Environmentally friendly * Provides energy independence
41
What are the challenges associated with Home Solar?
* High upfront cost * Weather dependent
42
How do hydrogen fuels generate energy?
By combining hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity
43
What are the advantages of hydrogen fuels?
* Energy efficient * High energy density * Little environmental impact
44
What are the drawbacks of hydrogen fuels?
* Expensive * Requires a lot of equipment * Produces nitrogen oxide * Hard to store and transport
45
What is nuclear power?
Energy produced from nuclear fission, generating heat to boil water and create steam
46
List benefits of nuclear power.
* More efficient than fossil fuels * Consistent power generation * High energy density * Reduced dependence on fossil fuels
47
What are the challenges of nuclear power?
* Expensive to maintain * Hard to store waste * Malfunctions can be catastrophic
48
What is geothermal energy?
Energy produced from the heat of the Earth using steam and hot water from underground
49
What are the benefits of geothermal energy?
* Constant and efficient * Stable underground conditions provide reliable energy
50
What are the limitations of geothermal energy?
* Most suited for countries near tectonic plate borders * Power plants can release pollutants
51
How do you write a trend?
-refer to both dependant and independant variables -include data
52
53
What is the first step in the stimulus-response pathway?
stimulus ## Footnote The stimulus is the initial trigger that activates the response pathway.
54
What is the last step in the stimulus-response pathway?
response ## Footnote The response is the action taken by the organism as a result of the stimulus.
55
What type of neuron carries impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?
Sensory neurons ## Footnote Sensory neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information.
56
What is the function of relay neurons?
Processes impulses in brain and spinal cord and connects sensory and motor neurons ## Footnote Relay neurons facilitate communication between sensory and motor pathways.
57
What do motor neurons do?
Carry impulses from the brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands ## Footnote Motor neurons enable movement by sending signals to effectors.
58
Identify an example of a stimulus related to touch.
pressure, pain, heat ## Footnote These are the sensations detected by touch receptors.
59
Identify an example of a stimulus related to sound.
sound waves ## Footnote Sound waves are vibrations that can be detected by the ear.
60
Identify an example of a stimulus related to smell.
chemical smells in the air ## Footnote Smells are detected by olfactory receptors in the nose.
61
Identify an example of a stimulus related to sight.
light ## Footnote Light is detected by photoreceptors in the eye.
62
Identify an example of a stimulus related to taste.
chemicals in food and drinks ## Footnote Taste is sensed by taste buds on the tongue.
63
What are the five sense organs that detect stimuli?
* touch * sound * smell * sight * taste ## Footnote These organs are essential for sensory perception.
64
What is the sense organ for touch?
skin ## Footnote The skin contains nerve endings that transmit touch sensations.
65
What is the sense organ for sound?
ear ## Footnote The ear converts sound waves into electrical impulses for the brain.
66
What is the sense organ for smell?
nose ## Footnote The nose contains olfactory cells that detect chemical substances.
67
What is the sense organ for sight?
eye ## Footnote The eye processes light and sends visual information to the brain.
68
What is the sense organ for taste?
tongue ## Footnote The tongue has taste buds that detect different flavors.
69
What is a reflex action?
Automatic responses to stimuli ## Footnote Reflex actions occur without conscious thought and are protective in nature.
70
What is the primary function of a reflex response?
protection ## Footnote Reflex responses are designed to protect the body from harm.
71
How does the spinal cord mediate a reflex response?
Without involving the brain ## Footnote This mechanism allows for a faster response to stimuli.
72
What is the pathway through which messages pass during a reflex action?
reflex arc ## Footnote The reflex arc is the neural pathway that mediates reflex actions.
73
Explain
relate cause and effect
74
Analyse
break down information and examine relationships
75
Compare
identify similarities and differences
76
Define
provide a clear and precise meaning of a term
77
Describe
give detail so reader can picture it
78
Evaluate
assess strenghts and weaknesses. make a judgement
79
Summarize
give a brief overview of the main points
80
Justify
give reasons or evidence to support your argument or decision.
81
Outline
write the main features or steps

Science (3 decks)

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