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Science > Science Yearly > Flashcards

Science Yearly Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Independent Variable?

A

The variable that you change

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2
Q

What is the Dependent Variable?

A

What is measured.

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3
Q

What is a controlled variable?

A

What you keep the same.

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4
Q

What is validity?

A

Testing what is set out to be tested. Keeping variables constant.

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5
Q

What is reliablility?

A

When you repeat an experiment. If the results are constant then they are reliable.

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6
Q

What is an aim?

A

The purpose of an experiment.

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7
Q

What is a method?

A

Is numbered steps showing how to execute an experiment.

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8
Q

What is a conclusion?

A

A summary of the experiment (no personal language)

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9
Q

What axis is the Dependent Variable on?

A

The dependent variable is always on the y axis ( the vertical axis) and the independent variable is on the x axis.

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10
Q

How should you draw diagrams?

A

2D with a pencil and no sketching.

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11
Q

What is a qualitative observation?

A

Observing in words.

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12
Q

What is quantitative observations?

A

Observations in numbers.

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13
Q

What can cells be classified by?

A

Their cell structure.

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14
Q

What does unicellular mean?

A

Made of one cell.

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15
Q

What does multicellular mean?

A

Made of multiple cells.

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16
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Provides the cell with support and protection. It helps the cell keep it’s shape.

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17
Q

What is the cell membrane.

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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18
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

the liquid contents of the cell in which the nucleus is suspended. Most of the important activities of a cell occur here.

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19
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Controls all the functions of the cell. Often called the Control Centre of the cell.

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20
Q

What is the particle theory?

A

a) All substances are made of tiny particles.
b) the particles are attracted towards other surrounding particles.
c) the particles are always moving or vibrating.
d) the hotter the substance is, the more energy the particles contain and the faster they move and further apart.

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20
Q

What is the definition of matter?

A

Particles that are continuously moving and interacting. Anything that has mass and takes up space.

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20
Q

What are the types of Matter?

A

Solid, Liquid, Gas and the 4 is Plasma.

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20
Q

How do you find the density?

A

density = mass divided by volume.

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20
Q

Why do hot air balloons float?

A

When the particles in the air inside heat up and so the particles move faster and move farther apart so the air becomes less dense that the air outside so it floats.

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20
What is sublimation?
A solid to a gas.
20
What resources are extracted from the atmosphere and what are they used for?
Oxygen - used by animals and plants and is replaced by plants, carbon dioxide - used by plants as well as water and sunlight to make food.
20
What is density?
Density describes how closely packed the particles are in a solid, liquid and gas.
20
What is a Solute?
when you make a solution the substance that dissolves is the solute.
21
What is a solvent?
The substance that dissolves the other substance is called the solvent.
21
What is an aqueous solution?
Always has water as its solvent.
21
What is a solution?
When one substance dissolves in another creating a clear mixture. e.g. when sugar dissolves into water creating a sugar and water solution.
21
What is a renewable resource?
A resource that can be naturally renewed in a short period of time or to its rate of consumption. e.g. Sunlight, wind, water.
21
What is a non - renewable resource?
A resource that cannot be replenished or recycled to match it's rate of consumption.
21
List the main characteristics of a non-renewable resource.
They take a long time to form, you can not renew them for a long time, many are fossil fuels
21
What resources are extracted from the biosphere and what are they used for?
Plants - for eating, living things use other organisms to live.
22
What resources are extracted from the lithosphere and what are they used for.
Rocks - used by people to build roads and buildings, sandstone and limestone - used by humans for paving and walls, minerals - used by humans usually contain metal which is used to make an assortment of things. Halite also contains table salt. Fossil fuel oil, coal and natural gas - used by humans as energy sources.
23
What sphere is soil from and what is it used for?
Soil is from the lithosphere and can be used to grow food, make clothing and dyes and make some medicines.
24
What resources can be extracted from the hydrosphere and what are they used for?
Water - considered Earth's most important resource, water is used by all living things to survive. It can also be used to make electricity and energy.
25
Uses of water.
The uses of water are hydration for living things, in factories to help the machines not overheat, in producing food and much more.
26
Describe the water cycle.
Water starts in the ocean then evaporates into clouds. After this it condenses into clouds where it there forms precipitation and falls back down to earth. Some of the water will runoff into rivers, lakes and creeks and eventually find it's way back to the ocean. Plants will collect some precipitation and in a process called transpiration it will go back up into the atmosphere.
27
How are plants classified?
1. plants 2. a) mosses and liverworths b) ferns c) seed producing plants c3. a)cycads b) gingkos c) conifers d) flowering plants.
28
How can animals be classified?
Animals can be classified in vertebrates and invertebrates.
29
What does ectothermic mean?
A 'cold-blooded animal' with no internal heat regulator so they have to get their heat from the sun and rocks etc.
30
What does endothermic mean?
An animal that can produce their own heat. 'warm blood animal'.
31
How can you define animals and plants by their cell structure?
An animal cell has cytoplasm, nucleus and a cell membrane and a plant cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole and chloroplast.
32
What is the five kingdom classification system?
Animal, plant, fungi, protist and monera.
33
What are the features of a fish?
Cartilaginous fish - have a jaw and teeth, agile swimmers, e.g. rays and sharks, Bony swimmers - skeleton is made of bone, have real jaws, e.g. tuna and gold fish Jawless fish - jawless, internal skeleton of cartilage, mouth is round sucker, fin along back.
34
What are the features of amphibians?
Live on land and in water, lay eggs in water and tadpoles and larvae must live in water, skin must be moist, breathe oxygen through their skin, body changes through metamorphasis. e.g. frogs, salamanders.
35
What are the features of a reptile?
Ectothermic, dry, scaly skin, use lungs to breathe, generally lay eggs with hard, leathery shell on land, some give birth to live young. e.g. turtles, snakes, crocodiles.
36
What are the features of birds?
Feathers covering body, hard shelled eggs, wings, endothermic. e.g. flamingo, penguin.
37
What are the features of mammals?
Body is covered in hair, give milk to their young, endothermic.
38
What are the features of placentals?
Raise young in the placental and are born at a mature stage. e.g. humans, whales.
39
What are the features of marsupials?
Give birth to tiny undeveloped young and raise them in a pouch. e.g. wombat.
40
What are the features of monotremes?
Lay eggs and only contain two species, echidna and platypus.
41
What is the order of classification.
Kangaroo = kingdom Pouches = phylum Can = class Occupy = order Five = family Green = Genus Sloths = species
42
What does an animal cell have?
Cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
43
What does a plant cell have?
Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplast, nucleus, vacuole.
44
Why does density relate to how closely particles are packed into a given volume.
The more dense something is the more closely the particles are
45
What is magnetic separation?
When one of the substances in a mixture has magnetic properties so you can separate them using a magnet.
46
What is gravity separation?
When you use gravity to separate things.
47
What is sieving?
When you use a sieve (a object with small holes) to
48
What is filtration?
When an insoluble mixture goes through a filter (such as filter paper) and the larger particles of a substance gets caught and the smaller substance can go through.
49
What is centrifuging?
When a mixture is spun so fast that the different substances seperate into layers.
50
How does chromatography work?
A process that can separate a soluble mixture through another substance. They are able to separate because different substances have different attachments to the substance so they move slowly or quickly depending.
51
What is evaporation?
The change of state from a liquid to a gas. It can be used to separate soluble substances because it can get rid of the solvent.
52
How does crystallization work?
When the solute left behind from evaporation forms crystals.
53
How does distillation work?
The solution is heated up, the solvent evaporates, then travels through a cooled tube which condenses it back into its original form. You can get back the residue in the first beaker and the distillate in the second beaker.
54
What is used to separate blood products?
Centrifuging.
55
What is used in crime scenes?
Chromatography.
56
What variable goes on the x axis?
Independent variable.
57
What variable goes on the y axis?
The dependent variable.
58
When writing a hypothesis what must you include?
The dependent and independent variable. e.g. The height of the plant (dep.) will increase as time (indep.) increases.

Science (3 decks)

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