SCIENCE LESSON 3 - DNA

Question 1

Are packed in bundles of these
chromosomes, is a distinct of the DNA
responsible for an inherited trait

Answer 1

GENES

Question 2

Are coded instructions for
everything that must happen in the
body, including how an individual
functions and how a person look

Answer 2

GENES

Question 3

Are organic compounds that function as storage of genetic information, which is transmitted from 1 generation to the next in all living organisms

Answer 3

Nucleic acids (polynucleotides)

Question 4

2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

Answer 4

DNA
RNA

Question 5

• double helix of
  repeating nucleotides

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

• sugar (deoxyribose)
• nitrogeneous bases
  purines (A & G)
  pyrimidines (T & C)

Answer 6

DNA

Question 7

• carry complex
  information for longer
  period of time, more
  stable

Answer 7

DNA

Question 8

• helps carry out the
  blueprint’s guidelines
• able to perform a variety
  of functions, more
  diverse

Answer 8

RNA

Question 9

DNA

Answer 9

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 10

Are composed of many
nucleotides linked together in a
long chain

Answer 10

Nucleic acids (polynucleotides)

Question 11

3 components of each nucleotide:

Answer 11

a. five-carbon sugar (pentose)
b. phosphate group
c. nitrogenous base

Question 12

DNA Complementary base pairs, Base pairing for Replication

Answer 12

Adenine (A)-Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)-Cytosine (C)

Question 13

Base pairing for Transcription

Answer 13

Guanine (G)-Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)-Adenine (A)
Adenine (A)-Uracil (U)

Question 14

RNA Complementary base pairs, Base pairing for Translation

Answer 14

Adenine (A)-Uracil (U)
Guanine (G)-Cytosine (C)

Question 15

RNA

Answer 15

Ribonucleic Acid

Question 16

“The
central dogma of molecular genetics.”

Answer 16

The DNA, the RNA, and the proteins

Question 17

RNA 3 processes involve

Answer 17

1. Replication
2. Transcription
3. Translation/Protein synthesis

Question 18

Composition of RNA

Answer 18

a. pentose (C5) sugar called ribose
b. phosphate group
c. Nitrogenous base

Question 19

3 Types of RNA

Answer 19

1. messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. transfer RNA (tRNA)
3. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 20

Template to create protein, basis to create protein

Answer 20

mRNA

Question 21

Matches amino acids to mRNA to create protein

Answer 21

tRNA

Question 22

Replication

Answer 22

DNA to DNA

Question 23

Ensure all body cells carry the same
genetic material and copied exactly the
instructions

Answer 23

Replication

Question 24

Happens before cell division - new cells
required exact copy of the parent cell’s DNA

Answer 24

Replication

Question 25

3 steps of DNA Replication (Enzymes)

Answer 25

1. UNWINDING ( Helicase, Primase) 2. BASE PAIRING ( Polymerase ) 3. JOINING ( Ligate )

Question 26

First step of replication, opens the DNA

Answer 26

Helicase

Question 27

Serves as primer that separates DNA

Answer 27

Primase

Question 28

Creates a partner for each helix of the DNA after separation

Answer 28

Polymerase

Question 29

Where the partners of each helix are bein set up

Answer 29

3' and 5' (' means prime)

Question 30

Seals up the replicated helix to stop the pairing

Answer 30

Ligate

Question 31

Process of replication because one of the complementing strands is conserved in daughter DNA

Answer 31

Semiconservative replication

Question 32

Transcription

Answer 32

DNA to RNA

Question 33

Making working copies of the genes. DNA only sends copies of blueprints t o RNA, it i s RNA’ s job to make blueprint copies

Answer 33

Transcription

Question 34

Involves the synthesis of a single strand of nucleotides of mRNA using one DNA strand as template

Answer 34

Transcription

Question 35

Translation

Answer 35

RNA to Protein

Question 36

Involves using the mRNA as template to determine the sequence of tRNA, which in turn determine the sequence of amino acids

Answer 36

Translation

Question 37

Is the process involved in genetic information is used to create amino acids and the corresponding proteins

Answer 37

Translation

Question 38

RNA Transcription steps

Answer 38

1) Unzips between its base pairs. 2) RNA Polymerase 3) Pairing (C-G, A-U) 4) mRNA to Cytoplasm

Question 39

The three-base code in the mRNA

Answer 39

Codon

Question 40

In the tRNA, read and translate the message by pairing up an equivalent three-letter code to the codons of the mRNA

Answer 40

Anticodon

Question 41

Changes in the chromosome of organisms that are inheritable and are permanent

Answer 41

MUTATION

Question 42

May also involved a change in the structure of chromosomes or in DNA sequence, can happen spontaneously or can be caused by mutagens or mutagenic agents

Answer 42

MUTATION

Question 43

Mutations based on aneuploids

Answer 43

1. Klinefelter Syndrome 2. Turner Syndrome 3. Metafemale 4. Down Syndrome or trisomy 21

Question 44

This can cause mutations

Answer 44

Mutagens/ Mutagenic Agents

Question 45

Syndrome (mostly seen in men) that shows an abnormally long arms and legs, and abnormal formation of body hairs

Answer 45

Klinefelter Syndrome

Question 46

Syndrome where the 23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an x chromosomes, showing the characteristics of shortness in height, low hairline, widely spaced nipples, and shortened metacarpal, small fingernails, brown spots, no menstruation, and etc.

Answer 46

Turner Syndrome

Question 47

Syndrome that has 3 x sex chromosomes

Answer 47

Metafemale

Question 48

Syndrome that has an uneven 21st pair of chromosomes

Answer 48

Down Syndrome or trisomy 21

Question 49

Mutations based on chromosome structure

Answer 49

- Deletion - Duplication - Inversion - Insertion - Translocation

Question 50

Mutations based on Nucleotide Sequence

Answer 50

- Point mutation or Microlesion ( Deletion and Insertion on nucleotide pair ) - Frameshift mutation ( Deletion and Insertion on DNA ) - Transverse mutation ( change of a purine to a pyrimidine )

Question 51

Control the production of the skin pigment melanin

Answer 51

Tyrosinase

Question 52

Substitution of nucleotide G by another nucleotide A in the codon CGG (arginine) to CAG (glutamine) brought changes in the protein enzyme tyrosinase

Answer 52

ALBINISM

Question 53

The substitution mutation causes a glutamic acid in the protein to be changed to a valine amino acid. - Valine is hydrophobic. Blood cells immediately reflect this change, becoming shriveled and sickle-shaped

Answer 53

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 54

Is an alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the DNA that makes up a gene. Ex, Hemophilia

Answer 54

Sex cells mutation

Question 55

Mutation in the somatic cells, will not passed along to the next offspring as it occurs in non-reproductive cells

Answer 55

Somatic mutation

Question 56

Genetic disorder characterized by the progressive deterioration of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord

Answer 56

TAY-SACHS DISEASE OR HEXOSAMINIDASE

Question 57

Autosomal metabolic disorder that results from mutations in a gene located on chromosome 12 for the protein PAH, high level of phenylaline hydroxylase damage neurons in the brain

Answer 57

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 58

Are hereditary genetic disorders where blood- clotting ability is impared due to the mutations of genes found in X chromosome

Answer 58

HEMOPHILIA A & B

Question 59

Disorder that results from the abnormal transport of chloride and sodium across an epithelium caused by mutations in the gene CFTR in chromosome 7

Answer 59

CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)

Question 60

A genetic disorder characterized by deletion of certain portion of chromosome 5

Answer 60

CRI-DU-CHAT SYNDROME (CAT’S CRY SYNDROME)

Question 61

A recessive x-linked disease characterized by degeneration of muscle cells, this mutation is due to dystrophin gene located in X chromosome

Answer 61

DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (DMD)