Science Midterm 2023 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Mechanical wave?
A
A disturbance in matter the carrie energy from one place to another
2
Q
Transverse wave?
A
Waves that move the medium at right angles to the direction in which waves are traveling
Ex. light low waves, low frequency
3
Q
Longitudinal waves?
A
A wave going in the same direction as the medium
4
Q
Waves?
A
A disturbance which results in a transfer of energy from one place to another
5
Q
Wavelength?
A
Crest to crest
6
Q
Period?
A
Time for one complete wave cycle to pass a point
7
Q
Frequency?
A
Number of cycles that pass in a second
8
Q
Radiation?
A
Physics, the process on which energy is emitted as particles or waves
9
Q
Refraction?
A
The change in direction of a wave when it travels from one material to another
10
Q
Law of Refraction?
A
Fast to slow- bends toward the normal low density to high density
11
Q
Law of Reflection?
A
The same measure on both sides from the normal
12
Q
Density?
A
Mass\volume
13
Q
Mass?
A
How much matter is in an object
14
Q
Volume?
A
How much space something takes up
15
Q
Luminosity?
A
The amount of energy given off by a star
16
Q
Nuclear fusion?
A
When two or more hydrogen join to make helium, this powers the star and will continue as long as the star has enough hydrogen to fuse helium
17
Q
Frame of reference?
A
The objector place from which the motion is determined
18
Q
Scalar quantities?
A
Quantities such as mass, volume, speed, ect. which can be completely be specified by magnitude and has no direction
19
Q
Vector quantities?
A
Quantity such as velocity that has both magnitude and direction
20
Q
Displacement?
A
Position after changes
21
Q
Motion?
A
Change in position of an object when compared to a reference point. All motion is relative to the observer’s frame of reference
22
Q
Speed?
A
Scalar quantity
23
Q
Acceleration?
A
How quickly an object changes its velocity. That is, the change in velocity divided by the change in time
24
Q
Free fall?
A
The movement of an object toward earth solely because of gravity
25
Friction?
Force that slows an object
26
Force?
Push or pull upon an object resulting from its interaction with another object
27
Balanced force?
Combine forces, produce net force of zero. Unlimited number of forces can act on an object to create zero
28
Unbalanced force?
The forces don't equal zero, one side has more force
29
Friction?
Force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching each other
30
Newton's first law?
An object in motion will remain in motion, an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force?
31
Newton's second law?
F=ma
32
Momentum?
Quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of mass and velocity
33
Newton's third law?
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
34
Law on conservation?
Loss of momentum in one object = gain of momentum in another object, momentum is conserved
35
Energy?
The ability or capacity to do work. Energy can change forms, measured in joules
36
Kinetic energy?
Energy of motion
37
Potential energy?
Energy stored due to position
38
Total energy?
Energy associated with motion and position of everyday objects
39
Law of conservation of energy?
Law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, can be changed from one form to another or transferred from one object to another
40
What is the big bang theory?
- The universe started to have a few particles and expanded from there
- Redshift supports this theory
- Redshift proves that the wavelength is increased as the object moves farther away from the observer
41
How does CBM help us?
Radiation, they show us when the universe first happened
42
What is spectroscopy?
- Way of studying light coming from some material or passing through some material
- Can tell is what is in the light
- Continuous spectrum
- Absorption lines- missing wavelengths
- Emission lines- identify whats happening on the star
43
What size waves does electromagnetic energy travel through?
Short and long
44
What does the earth protect us from?
Certain types of waves and radiation
45
Do waves have mass?
No
46
Mechanical waves =
Sound waves
47
The higher the amplitude the more...
Energy it holds
48
Electromagnetic waves require a...
Medium
49
What is a vacuum?
The velocity of the electromagnetic wave and the medium
50
What happens to the wavelength when there is more energy?
It gets shorter
51
Which color has the longest wavelength and has the least amount of energy?
Red
52
Which color has the shortest wavelength and has the most amount of energy?
Purple
53
What two properties do electromagnetic waves exhibit?
- Waves
- Particles
54
Are photons apart of electromagnetic wave particles?
Yes
55
Do longitudinal waves travel in the same direction?
Yes
56
Electromagnetic waves travel?
Perpendicular
57
On the EM spectrum what wave has the least amount of energy?
Radio
58
On the EM spectrum what wave has the most amount of energy?
Gamma
59
List the waves on the EM spectrum from least to greatest?
- Radio
- Microwave
- Infrared
- Visible
- Ultraviolet
- X- ray
- Gamma
60
Hotter object has?
- Higher energy
- Shorter wavelength
61
Cooler object has?
- Lower energy
- Longer wavelength
62
Equation for atoms?
Electrons + Photons + Neutrons = Atoms
63
Proton have what kind of charge?
Positive
64
Electrons have what kind of charge?
Negative
65
Neutrons have what kind of charge?
Neutral
66
What do electrons occupy?
The space around the nucleus
67
What provides info for light?
Fingerprints
68
What emits a continuous spectrum?
Sun and stars
69
Every element has a unique what?
Emission spectrum
70
What results in absorption and emission spectra?
Electrons of the atoms gain or lose energy
71
What does the spectra tell us?
- Chemical composition
- Temperature
- Movement
- Magnetic fields
72
What does the Nebula consist of?
- 70% hydrogen
- 28% helium
- 2% heavier elements
73
Is the universe expanding?
Yes! Why?
- The universe cooled before CMB occurred(380,000 years after the big bang)
- Initially no light in the world
- CMB supports the big band
- Universe reached a high density state and then began expanding
- Singularity- universe before expansion
- The universe started expanding 13.7 billion years ago
74
Speed?
How fast you are moving
75
Velocity?
Specifies how fast and where you are going
76
What quantity is velocity?
Vector
77
What quantity is speed?
Scalar
78
Methods of acceleration?
- Speeding up (positive)
- Slowing down (negative)
- Turning (changing direction)
79
Acceleration of gravity on earth?
9.8 m\s\s
80
Balanced forces?
- Equal in size
- Opposite directions
- Produces a net force of 0
81
Unbalanced force?
- Unequal in size
- Same direction
- No net force of 0
82
Mass never...
Changes
83
Weight can...
Change
84
Mass is a measure of...
Inertia
85
Weight is a measure of...
Force of gravity acting on an object
86
The Doppler Effect?
The apparent change in the frequency of a wave caused by relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer
87
Infrence?
A logical conclusion based on observations
88
Particle?
Point- like object with no internal structure, just properties of mass and velocity
89
How is sound discovered?
Change in air density
90
How is a wave produced?
Then the medium is disrupted
91
How is the speed of propagation determined?
By speed
92
In what media does sound travel faster? why?
Dense media because atoms are closer together
93
What media is light slower in? why?
Dense because the ripple interferes and that slows the group velocity
94
Propagate?
Waves moving
95
Equilibrium?
Medium at rest
96
Sound wave?
Vibration that propagates through matter
97
Periodic?
Waves on repeat
98
What creates a waves velocity?
Frequency and wavelength
99
Specular reflection?
Clear mirror image
100
Total internal reflection?
Light will only reflect
101
Trough?
On full wave (above and below medium once)
102
What is the only wave humans can see on the spectra?
Visible light (all spectrum colors)
103
Ionizing?
Waves with high energy
104
Atmospheric windows?
Waves that pass through the atmosphere
105
New medium (refraction)
Wave enters new medium at an angle and the velocity changes due to the change in density which causes a bend in the normal
106
Spectrum?
When the rainbow is separated
107
Spectra?
More than one spectrum
108
Continuous spectrum?
All colors are in the spectrum
109
Stellar evolution?
- Gas + dust(forced together by gravity) = star
- Dead star releases dust that will be used to form another star
110
Stars?
Most plentiful object in the visible universe (hottest blue(k) coolest red(m))
111
HR Diagram order?
- O
- B
- A
- F
- G
- K
- M
112
HR Diagram?
Designed by Hertzsprung- Russell
HR Diagram- graph that illustrates relationship between average surface temp of a star and their absolute magnitude
113
What is supernova responsible for?
The universes disappearing element
114
Absolute magnitude?
Brightness of stars if they were all the same distance from earth
115
Apparent magnitude?
Measured brightness procieved from earth
116
Hubble Laws?
Shows galaxies are receding away from us with a velocity that is proportional to their distances from us
117
What did CMB form?
The first atoms
118
Blue shifting?
The decrease in wavelength, with a corresponding increase in frequency of an electromagnetic wave
